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The pipeline of new drugs is unlikely to run dry, says Dr Cooper, for the human body contains hundreds of processes and chemical targets that might be tweaked to boost sporting performance. There is often more than one biochemical way to achieve the desired effect. Rather than beefing up an athlete's muscles, another new class of drugs, myostatin inhibitors, slow the routine breakdown of muscle tissue, offering an alternative way of increasing strength. Cyclists, meanwhile, are rumoured to have been experimenting with a drug called AICAR, hoping it will help them lose weight while holding on to muscle mass. As with EPO, says Dr Tucker, the idea is to improve the all-important power-to-weight ratio— but by tinkering with the "weight" side of the equation instead of the "power" side.
库珀博士说，新药的生产线不太可能枯竭，因为人体内有数百个工序和化学指标，这些工序和指标可以通过调整来提高运动成绩。达到预期效果的生化方法往往不止一种。另一类新药，“肌抑素抑制剂”，它无法增强运动员的肌肉，而是通过减缓肌肉组织的常规分解来增强力量。与此同时，有传言称自行车手一直在试验一种名为AICAR的药物，希望能够在维持肌肉质量的前提下降低体重。塔克博士表示，与促红细胞生成素一样，这种方法的目的是提高能量体重比，这至关重要——不过是在等式的“重量”一侧而不是“能量”一侧进行修补。
Those who prefer to stick with the old favourites can simply try using less. "Micro-dosing"—taking regular small doses instead of occasional big ones—ensures a drug will clear the body faster, making an athlete less likely to fail a test. New ways of administering old drugs help too. In a book published last year Grigory Rodchenkov, a chemist who ran the laboratory in Moscow that was at the centre of the Russian doping scandal, recounts how he developed "Duchess", a whisky-based cocktail that included the steroids trenbolone, oxyandrolone and methenolone. The idea was that absorption directly through the tissues of the mouth would produce fewer telltale metabolites than injections or pills, and thus cut the risk of detection.
那些无法割舍旧爱的人可以尝试用一点点。“微剂量”——定期小剂量服用，而不是偶尔大剂量服用——可以确保药物更快地清除体内的毒素，降低运动员在测试中失败的可能性。新的使用老药的方法也有帮助。在去年出版的一本书中，格里戈里·罗琴科夫讲述了他是如何开发出“公爵夫人”鸡尾酒的，这是一种以威士忌为基础的鸡尾酒，含有steroids trenbolone、oxyandrolone和metholone。他们的想法是，直接通过口腔组织吸收会比注射或药片产生更少的代谢物，从而降低被检测到的风险。
Lower-tech strategies can work, too. One is to get a therapeutic use exemption (TUE)—a doctor's note saying you need a drug for medical reasons. WADA insists that TUES are granted only after rigorous checks. A paper from 2020 found no evidence that athletes with TUEs were more likely to win than others. But doubts persist. In 2018 Britain's Parliament accused Team Sky, a cycling team, of using TUEs to help supply PEDS to riders. (They deny it.)
技术含量较低的策略也能奏效。一种是获得治疗用途豁免(TUE)——医生开具的证明，说明你出于医疗原因需要某种药物。世界反兴奋剂机构坚持说，TUEs仅在严格检查后才会授予。2020年的一篇论文发现，没有证据表明带TUEs的运动员会比其他运动员更有可能获胜。不过疑虑依然存在。2018年，英国议会指责自行车队“天空队”利用TUEs向骑手提供兴奋剂。(他们否认。)
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