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第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Arctic Melt
Earth’s North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the a- mount of ice in the Arctic Ocean（北冰洋）fell to a record low.
Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks（缩小）during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.
Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness — becoming 1.13 meters thinner.
Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its thinnest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. That’s 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. And it’s a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has made scientists concerned.
There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an oceanographer（海洋学家）at the University of Washington in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water.
Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5℃ warmer than average and 1.5℃ warmer than the previous record high.
With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3 meters thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 cm by season’s end.
The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above. Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover.
31．The word “builds” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by
A．establishes.
B．expands.
C．creates.
D．constructs.
32．By the end of summer 2007 the ice cover in the Arctic was
A．38 million square kilometers.
B．4.2 million square kilometers.
C．1.13 million square kilometers.
D．11.4 million square kilometers.
33．What may be some of the reasons for the ice melt in the Arctic?
A．Unusually strong winds and clearer skies.
B．Heavy clouds and light winds.
C．Longer summers and shorter winters.
D．Thin ice and open water.
34．The Beaufort Sea mentioned in paragraph 7 is an example to show
A．how accurate the new measurements are.
B．how thick the ice is in it.
C．how serious the problem of the ice melt in the Arctic is.
D．how dangerous it is to travel to it.
35．It can be learned from the last sentence that
A．the ice melt in the Arctic may never stop.
B．scientists are trying hard to stop the ice melt in the Arctic.
C．scientists are delighted to find out what is going on in the Arctic.
D．the warming trend in the Arctic can be reversed in the near future.
第二篇 Sharing Silence
Deaf teenagers Orlando Chavez and German Resendiz have been friends since kindergarten（幼儿园）. Together the two boys, who go to Escondido High School in California, have had the difficult job of learning in schools where the majority of the students can speak and hear.
Orlando lost his hearing at the age of one. German was born deaf, and his parents moved from Mexico to find a school where he could learn sign language. He met Orlando on their first day of kindergarten.
“We were in a special class with about 25 other deaf kids,” German remembers. “Before then, I didn’t know I was deaf and that I was different.”
“Being young and deaf in regular classes was very hard,” signs Orlando. “The other kids didn’t understand us and we didn’t understand them. But we’ve all grown up together, and today. I’m popular because I’m deaf. Kids try hard to communicate with me.”
Some things are very difficult for the two boys. “We can’t talk on the phone, so if we need help, we can’t call an emergency service,” German signs. “And we can’t order food in a drive-thru.”
Despite their difficulties, the two boys have found work putting food in bags at a local supermarket. They got their jobs through a “workability” program, designed for teenagers from local schools with different types of learning disabilities.
German has worked in the supermarket since August, and Orlando started in November.
“The other people who work here have been very nice to us,” Orlando signs. “They even sign sometimes. At first, we were nervous, but we’ve learned a lot and we’re getting better.”
The opportunity to earn money has been exciting, both boys said. After high school, they hope to attend the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in New York.
36．Orlando and German have been
A．to Mexico together.
B．deaf since they were born.
C．to different high schools.
D．friends since they were very young.
37．According to the passage, the difficulty for Orlando and German is that
A．they can’t communicate with their classmates.
B．they are not allowed to talk on the phone.
C．they can’t order food in a drive-thru.
D．they are not supposed to use emergency services.
38．Both Orlando and German have found their jobs at
A．a fast-food restaurant.
B．a supermarket.
C．a technical institute.
D．a local school.
39．The word “emergency” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A．food.
B．alarm.
C．crisis.
D．quick.
40．Both boys are happy to
A．design programs for the deaf.
B．work at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf.
C．help students with learning disabilities.
D．have the opportunity to earn money.
第三篇 Walking to Exercise the Brain
Do you think sitting and studying all the time will improve students’ grades? Think again. Getting some exercise may help, too.
New research with older people suggests that taking regular walks helps them pay attention better than if they didn’t exercise.
Previous research had shown that mice learn, remember, and pay attention better after a few weeks of working out on a running wheel. Mice that exercise have greater blood flow to the brain than those who don’t. Their brain cells also make more connections.
Neuroscientists（神经科学家）from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign wanted to find out if the same thing is true for people. First, they measured the physical fitness of 41 adults, ages 58 to 77, after each person walked 1 mile. Then, participants looked at arrows on a computer screen and had to use computer keys to show which way one particular arrow was pointing.
Adults who were physically fit were faster at the arrow task, and their answers were just as accurate as their less-fit peers, the researchers found. The fitter participants also had more blood flow to a part of their brain responsible for paying attention and making decisions.
In a second study, 15 elderly people who completed a 6-month aerobic-training（有氧运动）course were faster at attention tasks compared with 14 seniors who just did stretching and toning（韵律操）exercises for the same amount of time.
So, even going for a walk every 2 or 3 days for just 10 to 45 minutes can help. That should be good news for the elderly.
The effects of exercising on the brains of younger people haven’t been studied yet. Still, it can’t hurt to take occasional breaks and go for a walk or run around with friends. Whatever you do, though, don’t try to read and walk at the same time. You could end up hurting yourself!
41．Walking regularly helps elderly people
A．lose weight
B．become happier
C．concentrate better
D．look younger.
42．After taking exercise for a few weeks, the mice were found to have
A．higher blood pressure.
B．faster heartbeat.
C．more blood flow to the brain.
D．better appearance.
43．The first study on 41 elderly people found
A．the less-fit participants did arrow tasks faster.
B．the fitter participants did arrow tasks faster.
C．the less-fit participants gave more accurate answers.
D．the fitter participants gave more accurate answers.
44．It can be good for health when one takes a walk every 2 or 3 days for at least
A．3 minutes.
B．45 minutes.
C．30 minutes.
D．10 minutes.
45．It is suggested in the last paragraph that people should
A．run around once a week.
B．not read and walk at the same time.
C．go for a walk every day.
D．not hurt their friends while exercising.
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