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Hi again. Welcome to www. engvid. com. I'm Adam.Today's lesson is the causative.
嗨，欢迎来到 www. engvid. com. 我是 Adam。今天的课程是致使结构。
Now, I get asked many times how to construct and use the causative structure.
至今，我被问过很多次如何构造及使用致使结构。
First of all, "What is the causative", you're wondering?
首先，“什么是致使结构”，你在疑惑吗？
If you have someone do something for you, then you are using the causative voice.
如果你让某人为你做某事，那么你就是在用致使语态。
For example, if you have the waiter bring you a glass of water, this is a causative.
例如，如果你让服务生给你拿一杯水来，这是一个致使语态。
If you have your hair cut, that is a causative.
如果你剪了头发，那也是致使语态。
The difference -- active and passive -- we will look at that in a moment.
不同是 -- 主动和被动 -- 我们一会儿再来看这个。
First thing we need to do is understand how to construct this sentence structure.
首先我们需要理解如何构造这种句子的结构。
So we're going to have -- I broke it down into little pieces, since everything that you can understand.
所以我们要 -- 我把它拆分成了几个小部分，这样你可以理解每一部分。
The difference between a causative sentence and a regular sentence is we use an agent in the causative.
致使句和常规句之间的不同是我们在致使句里使用了受动者。
We have a subject; we have the causative verb; we have the agent -- the person or thing that is going to do something for you; we have the verb; and we have the object.
我们有主语；我们有使役动词；我们有受动者 -- 将要为你做某事的人或物；我们有动词；而且还有宾语。
So first, the causative verb.There aren't that many that you will use.
所以首先，使役动词。你不会用到很多种。
These are the four most common ones: have, make, let, get.
这里是最常见的四个：have，make，let，get。
There are others, but the others are so obvious that we don't need to worry about them too much, like "ask".
还有别的，但是别的都是很明显的以至于我们不需要太过担心，比如"ask"。
"He asked someone to bring him something."It's very clear.I think most people know how to use it.
“他要求某人给他带某物。”非常清楚。我想大多数人都知道该怎么用。
It's these four that give people problems, especially these three. Why?
这四个才让人感到棘手，特别是这三个。为什么？
Because I'm going to use a base verb with them.
因为我要将一个基本动词和他们一起使用。
With "get", I'm going to use an infinitive verb, "to" verb. Okay?
用 "get" 时，我会用一个不定式动词，"to" 加动词。对吧？
So again, subject -- "I" for example -- "had" -- you can go past.
所以再看一下，主语 -- "I"，例如，-- "had" -- 你可以用过去时。
Whatever tense you're looking for -- future, past, present -- this is going to take the tense, not this.
不管你用什么时态 -- 将来时，过去时，现在时，这才是句子的时态，而不是这个。
Your causative verb is going to take the tense.
你的使役动词决定句子的时态。
" 'I had' someone, 'I have', or 'I am having' someone, 'I will have' someone cut my hair."
“ 'I had' someone，'I have'，或者 'I am having' someone，‘我会让某人’给我剪头发。”
For example. I need a haircut, actually, now that I think about it.
例如，我需要理发了，实际上，既然我想到这个了。
So, "I had the barber -- in this case, cutting hair -- cut -- base -- my hair -- object." Okay?
那么，“我让理发师 -- 在这种情况下，给我剪头发 -- cut -- my hair --宾语。”对吧？
The main thing to remember is that the agent can be a person or a thing, okay?
主要要记住这个受动者可以是人或物，明白吗？
"I had" -- well, we'll talk about that in the passive."I had the package delivered."That's object, still.
"I had" -- 嗯，我们会以被动形式来讲一下这个。“我让人把行李送过来。”这个还是宾语。
"I had the car drive to somewhere else."It's a little bit strange if you have an automatic car.
“我把车开到其他某个地方了。”这个句子有点奇怪，如果你有一辆自动档汽车。
I'll think of a different example for you after that, okay?But agent, person, thing.
我之后会给你想一个其他例句的，好吗？但是受动者，人，物。
Object could be direct object, the person.It could be indirect object, so it's a thing or a person, what or who.
宾语可以是直接宾语，人。也可以是间接宾语，所以它可以是物或者人，什么或谁。
So, "I had the barber cut my hair."Now, what do these mean, these four verbs?
这样，“我让理发师给我剪头发。”这些是什么意思，这四个动词？
Excuse me. These three -- have, make, and get -- basically mean cause.
抱歉。这三个 -- have，make，和 get --基本上表原因的意思。
You're causing someone to do something.But you're wondering, "Okay. All of them mean cause.
你是某人做某事的原因。但是你会觉得疑惑，“嗯，所以这些都表示原因。
When do I use which one?" Right?It's a little bit of a nuance, very subtle differences.
那我该用哪一个呢？”对吧？区别很小，非常不明显。
When you "have someone do something", basically, you're commissioning them; you're paying them.
当你说 "have someone do something" 时，基本上看，你是在命令他们；你在雇佣他们。
Okay? "I will have the painter paint my house.""I will have the mechanic fix my car."
对吧？“我会让油漆匠把我的房子粉刷一遍。”“我让技工把我的车修好。”
These are services.You're paying someone to do something.
这些都是服务。你付给某人钱让其做某事。
"I will make someone do something."You're a little bit forcing them, right?
“我让某人做某事。”你有一点强迫的意味，对吧？
"I will make my little brother clean my room. Why?
“我让我的弟弟打扫我的房间。为什么？
Because he's my little brother.I'm bigger than him.I can make him do things. So I will."
因为他是我的弟弟。我比他大。我可以命令他做任何事。所以我这么做。”
Get. "Get" is more like "convince".You persuade someone to do something for you, right?"I will get my sister to do my laundry.
Get。"Get" 更偏“劝服”的意思。你说服某人为你做某事，对吧？“我说服我姐姐给我洗衣服。
Why? Because she's nice, and she likes me, and I know how to speak to her.
为什么？因为她人很好，而且她喜欢我，我知道如何跟她开口。
That's why"."Let" is, basically, "give someone permission".So very clear.
这就是原因”。"Let"，主要是，“给某人许可”。非常清楚。
Have, make, get -- causing it in its own way; let -- allow. Okay.
Have，make，get -- 以各自的方式表原因；let -- 允许。
Then, this -- all of this is the active causative."We make someone do something".
接着，这个，所有这些都是主动致使结构。“我们使某人做某事”。
But we can also use the passive causative, in which case we have the subject; we have the causative verb again; we have the object, next; and we have the verb in a past participle form.
但我们也可以用被动致使结构，在这种结构里我们会用到主语；还有使役动词；接着还有宾语；而动词是以过去分词形式。
Notice that we don't -- I didn't include the agent.You can include the agent.
注意我们没有，我没有把受动者包括进来。你可以加上受动者。
Usually, it's obvious; you don't need to, right?So if I had my hair cut, who did it?
通常来讲，意思是明显的；你不需要加上，好吗？所以如果我剪了头发，谁剪的？
The barber.Do I need to say it was the barber?No. You understand that, right?
理发师。我说是理发师剪得了吗？没有。你理解那是什么意思，对吧？
So the agent is optional.I'll put it in brackets, in parentheses.
所以受动者是可选择加与不加的。我将它放在括号里，在圆括号里。
Now, keep in mind that you will only use "have" and "get" -- excuse me.
现在，在心里记住你只会用到"have" 和 "get"，抱歉。
You will only use "have" and "get" in the passive causative.
在被动致使句里，你只会用到"have" 和 "get"。
You could use "make" and "let", but the structures will be a little bit different, and it's a little bit uncommon to see these structures.
你可以用 "make" 和 "let"，但是结构上有一点不同，而这些结构并不是很常见。
Very common to see "have" and "get"."I had my hair cut."
很常见的有"have" 和 "get"。“我剪了头发。”
Now, "cut" is a little bit confusing because "cut", "cut" -- what's the difference?
"cut"这个词有点让人困惑，因为"cut"，"cut" -- 有什么不同吗？
But "cut" is an irregular verb.Present tense, "cut".Past tense, "cut".Past participle, "cut". Okay?
"cut" 是一个不规则动词。现在式，"cut"。过去式，"cut"。过去分词，"cut"。对吧？
"I had my homework done for me" -- means I had somebody else do it for me, okay?
“我的作业被做完了” -- 意思是我让某人把它给我做完了，对吧？
I didn't do it; somebody else did."I got my friend" -- oh, no. Sorry. That's the active.
我没有做，其他人做的。“我让我的朋友” -- 嗯，不对。这是主动语态。
"I got my car fixed." Who?The mechanic fixed it."I got my car fixed." Meaning somebody else did it.
“我的汽车被修好了。”谁？修理工修好了它。“我的汽车被修好了。” 意思是某人修好了车。
Now, all of this will be much easier to understand once you see actual example sentences.
现在，一旦你遇到实际的例句，所有这些都会变得很容易理解。
So let's put those on the board.Okay. So here we are. We're back.We have a few more examples to show you.
所以让我们在白板上写一些例句。好了。写完了。我们回到课程中来。我们来向你多展示一些例句。
Let's look at the active sentences first."Sam made her boyfriend cut his hair."
首先让我们看主动语态句子。“Sam 让她的男朋友剪头发。”
Sam's boyfriend -- Sam, Samantha, by the way, if you're wondering -- her boyfriend had hair down to here.
Sam 的男朋友 -- Sam，Samantha，顺遍提一下，你是否在困惑 -- 她的男朋友头发有这么长。
She didn't like it.She said, "Cut your hair, or I will leave you."
她不喜欢他的头发。她说，“把头发剪了，否则就分手。”
So he was, like, "Okay, fine. I'll go get a cut."So she made him have his hair cut.
所以他就说，“好吧，可以。我会去剪头发的。”所以她让他把头发剪了。
Okay? Or she made her boyfriend cut his own hair. Sorry.
对吧？或者她让她的男朋友剪头发。抱歉。
I was mixing a couple things.So he went to the bathroom, cut it -- everybody's happy.
我把一些事弄混了。所以他去了盥洗室，剪了头发 -- 大家都满意了。
"Cal let his friend borrow his car."Okay. "You want to borrow my car? Sure. Here you go.""Let" is a little bit easier.
“Cal 允许他的朋友借他的车。”好。“你想借用我的车吗？可以，拿去吧。”"Let" 比较容易一些。
I think everybody, because of the idea of "allow" or "give permission", this is much easier to understand.
我认为大家会更好理解它，因为它有“允许”或者“准许”的意思。
But it's still a causative because you have an agent, etc.
但是这个句子还是一个致使结构，因为我们有受动者等。
"Jane got her sister to sew her a dress".Jane is having her prom next week.She wants a beautiful dress to her prom.
“Jane 让她姐姐给她缝一条裙子。”Jane 下周要参加毕业舞会。她想穿一条漂亮的裙子去参加毕业舞会。
A "prom", by the way, is at the end of high school, you have a big dance; everybody comes and dances and eats and celebrates.
顺便说一下，“porm”，是在高中结束时候，会有一个舞会；每个人都会参加，一起跳舞，品尝美食和庆祝。
Everybody dresses really nicely.Jane needed a dress.
每个人都会穿得漂漂亮亮的。Jane 需要一条裙子。
She got her sister to sew her a nice dress because her sister is very nice.
她让她的姐姐给她缝一条漂亮的裙子，因为她的姐姐人很好。
"You should have the school call the boy's parents".Now, your son is having a problem at school.
“你应该让学校统治那个男孩的家长。”现在，你的儿子在学校遇到了麻烦。
There's a bully.Somebody is beating up your son.
有霸凌事件。有人打了你的孩子。
You should have the school call the boy's parents and talk to them, make sure they do something about this, okay?
你应该让学校通知那个男孩的家长，跟他们谈谈，确保他们会处理这件事，对吧？
So all of these are active.The subject is causing the agent to do something. Good.
所有这些都是主动语态。主语是让受动者去做某事的人。很好。
Here we have the passive.I only have "had" and "get", okay?"Bill had his house painted."
这里是被动语态。我只用了 "had" 和 "get"，对吧？“Bill 把他的房子粉刷了。”
His house was getting old; he wanted it to freshen up; he wanted a new coat of paint.
他的房子太旧了；他想要它焕然一新；他想给房子披上一层新外衣。
He could have painted it himself, but instead, he had it painted.
他本可以自己粉刷的，但是相反，他让别人粉刷了。
Now, who painted it?Well, it was a painter, of course.
现在，谁粉刷了房子？嗯，当然是粉刷工人了。
I didn't mention it because it's kind of obvious from "paint", right?"I get my groceries delivered".
我没有提到，因为可以比较明显的从 "paint" 看出来，对吧？“我订了一些杂货送过来”。
"Groceries" -- all the things from the supermarket that I need at home.
"Groceries" -- 所有超市里有的我在家需要的东西。
I don't like to go to the supermarket and shop and carry all my things home.
我不喜欢去超市购物然后拿着大包小包的东西回家。
I call them; I tell them what I need; they deliver it.
我给他们打电话；告诉他们我需要什么；他们会送过来。
So I get my groceries delivered to me.Who delivers it?I don't know. I don't care.
所以我订了一些杂货送过来。谁来送呢？我不知道。我也不在乎。
I have groceries. I'm eating. I'm happy.It's not important.
我得到了杂货。我吃了。我就满意了。谁送的并不重要。
But if you're not sure how to use the passive, check my previous lesson I have on www. engvid. com about the passive.
但如果你不确定如何使用被动语态，可以在 www. engvid. com网上，查看我之前关于被动语态的课程。
It will explain why I do or do not put the agent here, okay?
它会解释为什么我没有或者有把受动者放在这里。
Of course, if you need more exercises, if you need more examples, go to www. engvid. com.
当然了，如果你需要更多的练习，如果你想看更多的例子，登录www. engvid. com网站。
There's a quiz there that you can try out.And come again soon, and we'll do another lesson.Thanks.
那里有一个小测试，你可以试一下。课程又要结束了，我们还会有新的课程。谢谢观看。
