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Hi, I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course Government and Politics.
大家好，我是克雷格，这里是政府与政治速成班。
And today, we're gonna get personal.
今天，我们来谈谈个人问题。
Not personal in the sense that I'm gonna tell you I'm a bed wetter cause I'm not...gonna tell you that.
不是个人到我要告诉你我尿床，因为我不会告诉你的。
We're gonna talk about people's personal political views and where they come from.
我们将讨论人们的个人政治观点及其来源。
This is what political scientists sometimes call Political Socialization.
这就是政治学家有时所说的政治社会化。
But before we get into the forces that help create our political outlooks, we should probably define what political ideologies look like in America.
但是，在我们进入帮助创造我们的政治观点的力量之前，我们可能应该定义一下美国的政治意识形态是什么样的。
In America, there are a number of ways people characterize themselves politically.
在美国，人们用很多方式在政治上描述自己。
Typically, they identify with a political party, although as we'll see when we talk more about parties, this has become less likely over time.
一般来说，他们认同一个政党，尽管当我们谈论政党的时候，我们会看到，随着时间的推移，这已经变得不太可能了。
And although there's a lot of overlap between political party and political ideology, there's not 100% correspondence between the two.
虽然政党和政治意识形态有很多重叠之处，但两者之间并没有100%的对应关系。
But there is 100% overlap between my fist and this eagle's beak!
但是我的拳头和这只鹰的喙完全重合!
Politics.
政治。
So, now I should probably say what I mean by political ideology.
所以，现在我应该说说我所说的政治意识形态。
Basically, I'm talking about whether you identify as liberal or conservative or libertarian or socialist or anarchist or nihilist or craigist - people who just love me.
基本上，我说的是你认为自己是自由主义者、保守派、自由意志主义者、社会主义者、无政府主义者、虚无主义者还是克雷格主义者（爱我的人）。
I'm one of those.
我就是其中之一。
You're probably familiar with the idea that liberals are on the left, and conservatives are on the right.
你可能很熟悉这样一种观点，自由派在左翼，保守派在右翼。
And this can be a helpful shorthand, but what political views do these terms represent?
这是一个有用的简写，但是这些术语代表了什么政治观点呢?
Let's go to the Clone Zone!
我们去克隆区吧！
What? The Clone Zone - it's right here now?
什么?克隆区——就在这里?
I'll just...I'll leave then. This way? I'll go this way.
我就……我将离开。在这边吗？我去这边。
Taking a cue from anti-federalists, American conservatives believe that a large government poses a threat to individual liberty, and we prefer our national government to be as small as possible.
从反联邦主义者那里得到启示，美国保守派认为，大政府对个人自由构成威胁，而我们更希望我们的国家政府尽可能小。
(Scoffs) We have this in common with libertarians.
(嘲笑)我们和自由主义者有相同之处。
There are some basic functions like national defense that government can best take care of.
有一些基本的功能，如政府可以最好部署的国防。
But especially since the New Deal, our government has taken on too much.
但尤其是新政以来，我们的政府承担了太多。
What government we need is best handled by states and localities.
我们需要什么样的政府，最好由州和地方来处理。
For the most part, American conservatives believe in the free market and that it will provide the greatest economic opportunity and benefit to the greatest number of people.
在很大程度上，美国保守派相信自由市场，认为它将为大多数人提供最大的经济机会和利益。
American conservatives usually support a strong defense.
美国保守派通常支持强有力的辩护。
This is one place where we generally don't think spending should be cut.
这是一个我们通常认为不应该削减开支的地方。
Most other programs, the things that fall under discretionary spending, can and should be left up to the private sector.
大多数其他项目，属于可自由支配支出的项目，可以也应该留给私营部门。
And this will allow the government to reduce its spending.
这将允许政府减少开支。
Lower spending, in turn, will mean lower taxes.
反过来，更低的支出将意味着更低的税收。
Ahh, delicious lower taxes.
美味的低税收。
This means that we don't like flag burning, and we favor prayer in schools because these reflect traditional religious and patriotic values.
这意味着我们不喜欢焚烧国旗，我们支持在学校祈祷，因为这反映了传统的宗教和爱国价值观。
Just like the eagle.
就像这只鹰。
I love the eagle.
我爱这只鹰。
You're my friend.
你是我的朋友。
Many conservatives, as strong adherents to religious faiths, are against abortion.
许多保守派，作为宗教信仰的坚定拥护者，反对堕胎。
But I'd say there's a greater diversity in conservative views on social issues than on economic ones.
但我想说的是，保守派在社会问题上的观点比在经济问题上的观点更加多样化。
The social sphere is where we differ significantly from our libertarian friends who don't see any role for government in people's personal lives.
在社会领域，我们与自由意志主义的朋友们有着显著的不同，他们认为政府在人们的个人生活中没有任何作用。
This means that libertarians often support things like marijuana legalization that more traditional conservatives do not support.
这意味着自由主义者通常支持大麻合法化，而传统的保守派则不支持。
If there's one value that American conservatives privilege above others, it's liberty.
如果说有一种价值观是美国保守派所推崇的，那就是自由。
America is a country of freedom, and in most cases, government is more of a threat to liberty than a protector of it.
美国是一个自由的国家，在大多数情况下，政府与其说是自由的保护者，不如说是自由的威胁。
And I'm out. Not bad conservative clone.
我出去了。不错的保守克隆。
But bad, here's why.
但糟糕的是，原因如下。
Sometimes liberals in the U.S. are called New Deal Liberals because the policies that we support grew out of the New Deal.
有时候，美国的自由派人士被称为“新政自由派”，因为我们支持的政策源自“新政”。
And lately, a number of us are trying to re-brand ourselves as progressives.
最近，我们中的一些人正试图把自己重塑为进步主义者。
Although this is a little tricky given that, historically, progressives and liberals aren't the same thing.
尽管这有点棘手，因为从历史上看，进步主义者和自由主义者不是一回事。
In general, American liberals believe that government can help solve problems, and a bigger government, like a glorious soaring eagle can solve bigger problems and more of them.
总的来说，美国的自由主义者相信政府可以帮助解决问题，而一个更大的政府，就像一只光荣翱翔的雄鹰，可以解决更大的问题和更多的问题。
We support government intervention in the economy, both in the form of regulations and higher taxes, especially when that intervention benefits historically marginalized groups like minorities, women, and the poor.
我们支持政府以法规和提高税收的形式干预经济，特别是当这种干预有利于历史上处于边缘地位的群体，如少数族裔、妇女和穷人时。
We like to the government step in on behalf of consumers and to protect the environment because in general, we don't trust that the free market will be fair to everyone.
我们希望政府能够代表消费者和保护环境，因为总的来说，我们不相信自由市场会对每个人都公平。
We know that protection of the environment, aiding the poor, and expanding civil liberties all cost money, so we usually favor a progressive tax system with higher taxes on the wealthy and corporations.
我们知道保护环境、帮助穷人和扩大公民自由都需要花钱，所以我们通常支持累进税制，对富人和公司征收更高的税。
Although not all American liberals are anti-business, as a rule we don't have a lot of faith that big businesses have the average American's best interest at heart, and so we prefer to see them regulated.
尽管并非所有的美国自由主义者都反对商业，但一般来说，我们并不相信大企业会把普通美国人的最大利益放在心上，因此我们更愿意看到它们受到监管。
Although we still see national defense as important, most American liberals feel that the country spends more than enough on the military and that the defense budget should be cut, leaving more money for necessary social programs.
虽然我们仍然认为国防很重要，但大多数美国自由派人士认为，国家在军事上的开支已经超过了预算，应该削减国防预算，把更多的钱留给必要的社会项目。
In the debate over guns or butter, we like butter.
在关于枪支和黄油的辩论中，我们喜欢黄油。
Although we're also fine with the government telling us not to eat so much of it.
虽然我们也接受政府告诉我们不要吃太多。
If conservatives value liberty, we liberals cherish equality as their primary political virtue, and we see government as a necessary agent in promoting equality.
如果保守主义者重视自由，我们这些自由主义者就把平等当作他们的首要政治美德，我们把政府看作促进平等的一个必要的代理人。
We're equals, me and that eagle.
我们是平等的，我和那只鹰。
Thanks clones.
谢谢克隆人。
So, for the most part, this is what most American liberals and conservatives believe, and these are the basic foundations upon which they build their political opinions.
因此，在很大程度上，这是大多数美国自由主义者和保守派所相信的，也是他们建立政治观点的基本基础。
But where do they come from?
但是它们来自哪里呢?
Political scientists sometimes refer to the process by which individuals establish their personal political ideologies as political socialization.
政治学家有时把个人建立个人政治意识形态的过程称为政治社会化。
And they have identified four main agents that contribute to our political identities.
他们已经确定了促成我们政治身份的四个主要因素。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble!
让我们进入思想泡泡！
The first and most important source of our politics is family.
我们政治的第一个也是最重要的来源是家庭。
This makes a lot of sense since kids either want to emulate their parents or reject their ideas.
这很有道理，因为孩子们要么想模仿他们的父母，要么拒绝他们的想法。
And parents are usually the first people that express political opinions to kids.
父母通常是第一个向孩子表达政治观点的人。
As I suggested, family can influence your political outlook in negative and positive ways.
正如我所建议的，家庭可以以消极和积极的方式影响你的政治观点。
If you respect your parents and admire them, it's likely you will adopt their political ideology.
如果你尊重你的父母并钦佩他们，你很可能会接受他们的政治思想。
On the other hand, adopting an opposing political view can be a form of rebellion.
另一方面，持相反的政治观点可能是一种反叛。
Still, for the most part, liberal parents breed liberal children, and conservative parents create new generations of conservatives.
然而，在很大程度上，自由主义的父母养育了自由主义的孩子，而保守主义的父母创造了新一代的保守主义者。
The second major influence on political ideology is social groups, which in this case, refer to one's race, gender, religion, or ethnicity.
对政治意识形态的第二个主要影响是社会群体，在这种情况下，社会群体指的是一个人的种族、性别、宗教或种族。
Obviously, these are generalizations, but certain groups tend to fall predictably into liberal or conservative camps.
显然，这些都是概括，但某些群体倾向于不出所料地落入自由派或保守派阵营。
African Americans and Jewish people are among the most liberal Americans while white Catholics tend to be conservative.
非裔美国人和犹太人属于最自由的美国人，而白人天主教徒则倾向于保守。
Latinos are an interesting case because many identify as Catholic, but they tend to be more liberal politically.
拉丁裔是一个有趣的例子，因为许多人认为自己是天主教徒，但他们往往在政治上更自由。
One of the reasons that many use to explain why African Americans and Latinos tend to be liberals is that these groups are disproportionately poor and receive a significant share of government benefits.
许多人用来解释为什么非裔美国人和拉丁裔美国人倾向于成为自由主义者的原因之一是，这些群体的贫困程度高得不成比例，而且享受着政府福利的很大一部分。
To this way of thinking, economic self interest is a prime determiner of where one stands politically, and it also explains why white conservatives, especially those who are wealthy, favor policies of lower taxes and less government intervention.
按照这种思维方式，经济上的自我利益是决定一个人在政治上立场的首要因素，这也解释了为什么白人保守派，尤其是那些富人，支持减税和减少政府干预的政策。
One problem with this purely self interested view of political ideology though is that there is a large number of low income, low wealth white voters who also do or would gain from more government benefits.
但这种纯粹以自我利益为目的的政治意识形态观点存在一个问题，那就是有大量低收入、低财富的白人选民也会从更多的政府福利中受益。
But they tend to be conservative.
但他们往往比较保守。
In other words, be careful when you try to define a person's politics by looking at their bank account.
换句话说，当你试图通过查看一个人的银行账户来定义他的政治观点时，要小心。
Gender also tends to be statistically significant in terms of political ideology.
性别在政治意识形态方面也具有统计学意义。
The gender gap refers to the fact that women tend to be more liberal overall than men.
性别差异指的是女性总体上比男性更倾向于自由。
This is especially true on the issue of national defense where they tend to favor spending reductions rather than increases.
在国防问题上尤其如此，他们倾向于削减开支而不是增加开支。
Thanks Thought Bubble.
谢谢思想泡泡。
The third agent of political socialization in the U.S. is education, namely the primary and secondary school system.
美国政治社会化的第三个动因是教育，即中小学制度。
This is the most formal way that our political views are shaped since almost all American students take at least one year of American history, and many states require courses in civics.
这是我们政治观点形成的最正式的方式，因为几乎所有的美国学生都至少学习一年的美国历史，而且许多州要求公民学课程。
In these courses, students learn about political values like liberty and equality and may come to align themselves with a liberal or conservative view.
在这些课程中，学生学习自由和平等等政治价值观，并可能与自由或保守的观点保持一致。
And maybe you're watching me in one of these classes right now...
也许你现在正在看我上这些课…
Conservatives tend to think that American schools and textbooks skew towards a liberal outlook,
保守派倾向于认为美国的学校和教科书偏向于自由主义观点，
but this might be because most public school teachers are members of unions, and teachers' union membership correlates highly with a liberal viewpoint.
但这可能是因为大多数公立学校的教师都是工会成员，而教师工会成员与自由主义观点高度相关。
Whether or not most teachers and textbooks are liberal, it's a bit of a leap to assume that most students will automatically adopt the ideology of their teachers.
不管大多数老师和教科书是否自由，如果认为大多数学生会自动接受老师的思想，那就有点太过激进了。
Education does relate to political ideology in at least one measurable way though.
然而，教育至少在一个可衡量的方面与政治意识形态有关。
In that the higher the level of education one attains, the more likely one is to profess liberal views on issues such as women's rights or abortion.
一个人的教育水平越高，就越有可能在妇女权利或堕胎等问题上发表自由主义观点。
On the other hand, higher education levels also correlate with more conservative views on issues like government support of national health insurance or affirmative action programs to help African Americans.
另一方面，高等教育水平也与政府对国民健康保险的支持或帮助非裔美国人的平权行动计划等问题的保守看法有关。
So, as with many things we look at, things aren't so clear cut, and it's important to have some kind of data to back up our generalizations.
所以，就像我们看到的很多事情一样，事情并不是那么一目了然，有一些数据来支持我们的概括是很重要的。
One final agent of political socialization are the political conditions one lives through.
政治社会化的最后一个动因是一个人所经历的政治环境。
Example - if you grew up during the Great Depression and saw FDR's New Deal programs benefit you and your family, it's likely that you'd develop and maintain pro-government, liberal views.
如果你在大萧条时期长大，看到罗斯福的新政项目使你和你的家庭受益，你很可能会形成并保持亲政府、自由的观点。
If you came of age during the Reagan era, when popular politicians were singing the praises of self-reliance and calling government the problem rather than the solution, it's likely that you'd develop conservative political views.
如果你成长在里根时代，当受欢迎的政治家们歌颂自力更生，称政府是问题而不是解决方案时，你很可能会形成保守的政治观点。
It remains to be seen whether people who form their political identities during the Great Recession will be liberal or conservative.
在大衰退期间形成自己政治身份的人是自由派还是保守派，仍有待观察。
But don't worry - pollsters are busy trying to figure it out.
但别担心——民意测验专家正忙着找出答案。
So there you have a very broad outline of what the words conservative and liberal mean in American politics and some of the factors that turn people into liberals or conservatives.
这就是保守派和自由派在美国政治中的含义，以及使人们成为自由派或保守派的一些因素的大致轮廓。
More than probably anything I've said in this series, these are generalizations that you need to look at critically.
可能比我在本系列文章中说过的任何东西都更重要的是，您需要批判性地看待这些概括。
This doesn't mean that if you find someone or if you are someone who doesn't fit either description 100%, that we're completely wrong, only that political ideologies are complex and change over time.
这并不意味着，如果你找到了一个人，或者你是一个100%不符合这两种描述的人，那我们就完全错了，只是政治意识形态是复杂的，会随着时间而改变。
But we need to understand the outlines of these generalities because they get used all the time in our discussions of American politics.
但我们需要了解这些概括性的要点，因为在我们讨论美国政治时，它们一直在使用。
In fact, it would be hard to talk about politics without them.
事实上，如果没有它们，我们很难谈论政治。
Thanks for watching - see you next time.
谢谢收看，下次再见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.
对美国政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course was made with the help of all these political ideologues.
速成班是在所有这些政治理论家的帮助下完成的。
Thanks for watching!
感谢收看！
