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These dramas were performed by companies of both male and female actors, some of whom were also probably prostitutes.
戏剧由男演员和女演员共同演出 其中一些演员会是妓女
We have one hundred and seventy zaju plays, including a couple you may have heard of: "The Orphan of Zhao," which is still performed,
现存的杂剧有170部 其中有一些你可能听说过 比如《赵氏孤儿》 现在也有演出
and "The Circle of Chalk," which Bertolt Brecht borrowed for "The Caucasian Chalk Circle."
还有《灰阑记》 后来被布莱希特借鉴创作了《高加索灰阑记》
Meanwhile, down south, chuan-qi plays are developing.
与此同时 在南方 “传奇戏曲”也在不断发展
Chuan-qi plays have fifty acts—well, thirty to fifty. They don't have a fixed rhyme scheme per act.
传奇戏曲有五十幕 嗯 三十到五十幕 每一幕都没有固定的韵律
Which is a good thing, because can you imagine changing the rhyme schemes FIFTY TIMES?
这点很好 因为你能想象将韵律改变50次之多吗
Unlike zaju songs, which were written for a seven-note musical scale, chuan-qi plays are written for a pentatonic scale.
传奇戏曲和杂剧不同 杂剧是按照七音音阶创作的 而传奇戏曲是按照五音音阶创作的
The main accompaniment was the bamboo flute.
而且传奇戏曲主要的伴奏乐器是竹笛
The most famous chuan-qi play is "The Peony Pavilion," a fifty five-act play about a girl who falls in love with a man she's only seen in her dreams.
传奇戏曲最著名的是《牡丹亭》 有五十五幕 讲述的是一个女孩爱上了一个她只能在梦里相见的男人
She dies, but the real man comes to her grave and somehow resurrects her.
后来女孩死了 男人在现实中来到她的坟墓前 以某种方式又使她复活了
Chuan-qi plays are lively and eventful, but eventually they got so long and so elaborate, and the language becomes so formal, that they can't be performed anymore.
传奇戏曲是生动的、曲折的 后来剧情变得太长、太复杂、语言变得太正式 以至于到最后无法进行表演
Let's fast-forward a few centuries to the origin story of Jingxi or Beijing opera.
让我们快进到几百年前京戏或京剧的起源故事
By this time, all kinds of different theatrical styles were practiced around the country, though none predominated in the way the zaju and chuangi had.
那时 全国各地盛行各种不同的戏曲风格 但没有一种能和杂剧和传奇戏曲匹敌
In 1790, a bunch of different troupes came to Beijing to celebrate the eightieth birthday of Emperor Qian Long.
直到1790年 一群风格各不相同的剧团来京城庆祝乾隆皇帝的八十大寿
They liked it there. They liked each other.
他们爱上了京城并相亲相爱
Eventually, they combined their regional forms into one awesome new style that was even more powerful, jingxi.
最后 他们把各自的戏剧风格结合在一起形成了一种更强大的新的风格——京戏
Sorta like The Avengers of Classical Chinese Theater. Which is a film franchise I'd definitely watch.
有点像中国古典戏剧版的《复仇者联盟》 《复仇者联盟》是一部我坚决不会错过的电影
Officially, there are two kinds of stories in Beijing opera: civil and military. But there's a lot of overlap.
按照官方说法 京剧讲述两种类型的故事：民间故事和军事故事 但两者有很多重叠的地方
Like the earlier dramas, the stories borrow from history, legend, and other works of literature, and they all end happily.
和早期的戏剧一样 这些故事借鉴了历史、传说以及其它的一些文学作品 而且结局都是好的
The scripts aren't really set texts, but more like bullet points.
他们的剧本并不是固定的正常的文本 里面只是记录了重点台词
Great actors are encouraged to make each role their own, and the focus is on acting, singing, and dancing rather than the literary elements.
好的戏子会被鼓励演出每个角色各自的特点 重点是表演、唱歌和跳舞 而不是文学元素
Instead of presenting a full story from start to finish, most evenings consisted of just the high points with enough narrative and acrobatic interludes to help it all hang together.
京剧并不是头到尾呈现一个完整的故事 大多是高潮点加上很多的叙述和杂技表演的穿插来使整个故事连贯起来
The stories are elaborate, but the physical staging is minimal.
故事都是精心编排的 但实际的舞台效果很小
Theaters usually consisted of a raised, roofed platform with a two-foot high wall extending around three of the sides and the only set pieces are a table and two chairs.
剧院通常由一个凸起的带屋顶的平台组成 三面各有一堵两英尺高的墙 唯一的布景是一张桌子和两把椅子
But that table and chairs are versatile.
不过那张桌子和那把椅子是万能的
Depending upon the way they're arranged, they can represent a wall, a bridge, a tree, a door, a hill, a banquet, a court, whatever you need!
根据桌子和椅子的排列方式 它们可以代表一堵墙、一座桥、一棵树、一扇门、一座山、一个宴会、一个庭院 代表任何你需要的东西
There are all kinds of symbolic and codified set and prop elements in Beijing opera.
京剧有各种各样具有象征性的布景和道具
A silver banner represents water; black silk suggests a storm.
银旗代表水 黑丝预示着暴风雨
A whip means you're riding horseback; black gauze means you're having a dream; a couple of yellow silk flags mean you're in a chariot.
“鞭子”就是在骑马 “黑纱”就是在做梦 “几面黄色的丝绸旗子”则表示在马车上
A bunch of stagehands run around manipulating all of these chairs and banners, but an audience learns not to see them.
会有一群舞台工作人员跑来跑去操纵所有的椅子和旗子 但观众会学会对他们免疫
As Yorick here has indicated, Beijing Opera depends on extravagant makeup and costuming.
正如尤里克所说 京剧靠的是华丽的妆容和服饰
For a closer look, let's go to the ThoughtBubble:
为了更好的理解 咱们来看思想泡泡
Chinese opera characters are divided into four types: sheng (men), dan (women), jing (painted face roles), and chou (clowns).
京剧里的人物分为四类：笙(男子)、旦(女子)、净(脸谱)和丑(小丑)
But that's not all. There are seven types of sheng roles, and six types of dan roles.
这只是大的分类 此外“笙”还包含七种角色 “旦”还包含六种角色
Until the twentieth century, dan roles were played by men in tiny, awkward shoes, and when women took over, they had to learn from the men how to play them.
在20世纪之前 “旦”的角色都是由穿着又小又笨的鞋子的男人来扮演 后来女人把“旦”的活儿接了过来 但是她们还须向男人学习怎么演
Jing characters, with all the makeup, are gods, demons, courtiers, and thieves.
“净”的妆容分为：神 恶魔 朝臣 和小偷
And Chou are clowns who are expected to improvise jokes.
“丑”就是能够即兴创作笑话的小丑
Each role had its own pitch and rhythm, and kind of like Sanskrit theater and kabuki theater, each had a bunch movements associated with characters and moods.
每个角色都有自己的音调和韵律 有点像梵语戏剧和歌舞伎 每个角色都有一系列与角色和情绪相关的动作
There are twenty ways just to point at something! But a lot of the character work is done by costume and makeup.
单单“指东西”这个动作就包含20种 不过大部分的角色都是通过服饰和妆容来塑造的
There are three hundred types of dress associated with Beijing opera, including forty six headdresses,
和京剧相关的服饰有三百种 包括四十六种头饰、
forty seven dresses, six types of girdle, and six types of shoe.
四十七件衣服、六种腰带和六种鞋子
That actually seems like a pretty low number for shoes, TBH.
老实说(to be honest) 鞋子的种类是不是有点儿少
These costumes are color-coded. Red costumes are for brides and loyal characters; yellow for royal ones; white for old ones and people in mourning.
此外服装的颜色也有讲究 红色的服装是给新娘和忠诚的角色穿的 黄色代表皇室成员 白色是给老人和服丧的人穿的
Makeup was color-coded, too. Most sheng and dan characters started with a white base, made with flour,
妆容也有讲究 “生”和“旦”大都是用面粉做的白色粉底
that offset darkened brows, reddened lips, and eyes outlined in red.
这样可以跟黑眉、红唇和红色轮廓的眼睛中和一下
There are more than two hundred and fifty types of makeup, and the most complex designs are for the jing characters.
京剧的妆容有250种 其中“净”的妆容设计是最复杂的
Jing faces are pattern-coded and color-coded. Only good characters wear mustaches, and the more white around the eyes, the worse the character.
不仅画法有讲究 颜色也有讲究 只有好人才有胡子 眼睛周围画的越白 人品就越差
A lot of black, good guy; a lot of purple, outlaw. Lots of green: YOUSE A DEMON.
黑色多—好人 紫色多—犯人 绿色多—魔鬼
Thanks, ThoughtBubble. God, YOUSE A DEMON!
谢谢思想泡泡 天哪 你才是魔鬼
Beijing opera flourishes for about one hundred and fifty years, and then communism happens.
京剧繁荣了大概150年 之后有了中国共产党
Communist leaders go through the repertory, tweaking some plays, removing others, and opera stumbles on until the Cultural Revolution, when
共产党的头头儿们要过一遍剧目 做一下调整 删掉某些不合适的 后来直到文化大革命时期 京剧才开始崭露头角
pretty much all of it is seen as anti-communist and is replaced with new Mao-friendly works like "The White-Haired Girl,"
几乎所有被视为反共的戏剧都被替换成了新的“对毛爷爷比较友好的”戏剧 比如《白毛女》
an opera about a peasant girl who is raped and abducted by a landlord.
是一部歌剧 讲述的是一个农村女孩被地主强奸和绑架
She escapes, her hair turns white, and then she and her former fiance are reunited.
后来她逃跑了 头发变白了 再后来和前未婚夫团聚了
Like good communists, they redistribute the landlord's farms. An equally distributed happy ending!
就像优秀的共产主义者一样 他们开始重新分配地主的土地 最后是“公平分配”的幸福结局
Come see us next time for English Sentimentality, which is like normal sentimentality, but English. That's right, it's romanticism.
下集我们会讲到英国的“感伤主义戏剧” 就是正常的感伤 只不过是英国人的感伤 没错 就是浪漫主义
Until then… curtain!
下集见 谢幕！
