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As last recorded by the US Federal Government, the median wealth for a white family in the United States was 171,000 dollars
根据美国联邦政府的最新记录，美国白人家庭的平均财富为17.1万美元，
and the median wealth for a Black family was just 17,000 dollars, a 10x different over 150 years after the end of slavery.
而美国黑人家庭的平均财富为1.7万美元，在奴隶制终结一百五十年后仍有近十倍的差异。
I think first we have to ask ourselves, what is wealth really?
我认为首先我们要问自己，财富到底是什么？
Well, wealth is all of your assets, all of the things that you own, minus all of your liabilities.
财富是你的总资产，你拥有的所有东西，减去你的债务。
Assets are things like your car, your house, your savings account, your checking account, your investments, if you own other properties, your business.
资产是你的车、你的房子、你的储蓄账户、你的活期账户、你的投资，如果你还有其他财产的话，你的生意也算在内。
Well, that gap, that 10x gap, is partially because for many years, decades in fact, Black Americans were left off of that ladder and didn't really have access to it.
这个差距，十倍的差距部分是因为多年来，确切的说是十年来，美国黑人被抛在了那成功的阶梯之外并且实际上没有机会接触它。
Well, why are we talking about this now?
我们现在为什么要谈这个？
Well, in 2020, in the midst of a global pandemic and a looming recession, inequities are really laid bare across nearly every system in the United States:
在2020年，在全球大流行疫情和隐现的经济衰退中，在美国几乎所有系统中，不平等是赤裸裸的：
health care, education, criminal justice and finance, and people were moved to take action online, in streets, in meetings at work, in corporate boardrooms.
卫生保健、教育、刑事司法和金融，这迫使人们在网上、在街上、在工作会议上、在公司董事会上采取行动。
And I, as a consultant, started having conversations with clients that I thought I would never have.
而我，作为一名顾问，开始与那些预料之外的客户进行谈话。
I guess the question that I'd been asking myself is, how do we make sure that in this moment,
我想这个我一直在问自己的问题是，我们如何确保在这一刻，
this results in action and progress that starts to close that wealth gap for Black versus white Americans?
这能带来行动和进步去缩小美国黑人和白人的贫富差距。
So who am I? My name is Kedra Newsom Reeves.
所以我是谁？我的名字是Kedra Newsom Reeves。
I am a consultant for banking institutions, hedge funds, asset managers.
我是银行机构、对冲基金、资产管理顾问。
But before any of that, I am a Black American who is the descendant of slaves.
但在此之前，我是一个美国黑人，是奴隶的后裔。
And when we talk about the wealth gap, it's really important to understand the history,
当我们讨论贫富差距时，了解它的历史是很重要的，
so I thought I'd tell a little story about a family, my family, and how policy intersects with wealth.
所以我想讲一个关于家庭的小故事，我的家庭以及政策如何与财富交织。
So we'll start with my great-great-grandfather.
我们从我的曾曾祖父开始。
He was a man named Silas Newsom, and Silas was born a slave outside Nashville, Tennessee, on Newsom Station, where he and his family worked on a quarry.
他名叫Silas Newsom。Silas出生在田纳西州纳什维尔郊外的一个奴隶家庭，在Newsom站他和他的家人在一个采石场工作。
He didn't own anything. He didn't own his home. He didn't own property.
他一无所有。他没有自己的房子。他没有自己的财产。
He didn't really even own his own body, his own labor, his children.
他甚至都没有真正拥有自己的身体、自己的工作、自己的孩子。
Any of those things, all of those things, were here to create wealth for someone else.
所有这些东西都是为了给别人创造财富。
So we believe that he was a servant during the Civil War for a Confederate general who was actually fighting to keep him enslaved,
所以我们相信他在内战期间为一位南方将军服务，这位将军让他成为奴隶而战，
so he really had no wealth, he had no control over his life.
所以他真的没有什么财富，他也无法掌控自己的生活。
Well, at the end of slavery, there was a policy opportunity.
在奴隶制结束的时候，有一个政策机遇。
There was a question: what do we do for the hundreds of years of slavery now that we are ending slavery and the country is coming together?
一个问题出现了：我们要为这几百年的奴役做些什么呢？现在我们要结束奴隶制，这个国家要团结起来了。
And there was a choice. We could make a settlement with the slaves, or we could make a settlement with the slave owners.
这里有个抉择。我们可以和奴隶们达成协议，或者我们可以和奴隶主达成协议。
Well, the slaves had no power to advocate for themselves in that moment, and the country had to be united,
在那个时候，奴隶们没有权利为自己辩护，而这个国家必须团结起来，
so the federal government decided to give that settlement to slave owners, essentially giving them money for the property that they had lost at the end of the war.
所以联邦政府决定把这个协议给奴隶主，也就是给他们钱补偿他们在战争结束时失去的财产。
And not their physical property, not their homes, but people, the slaves that had provided free labor for years and decades.
这些财产不是他们的物质财产，不是他们的房子，而是人，那些多年来提供免费劳动力的奴隶。
So Silas, at the end of the Civil War, had no wealth.
所以Silas，在内战结束后，没有任何财富。
He was free but had no wealth. He became a sharecropper.
他自由了，但身无分文。他成了一名佃农。
My great-grandfather Silas was born a number of years after the end of slavery,
而我的曾祖父Silas出生在奴隶制结束多年后，
and he was drafted to serve in World War I along with 350,000 other Black American soldiers in segregated units. He served in the war.
他在第一次世界大战期间被征召入伍，与其他三十五万美国黑人士兵一起在种族隔离的部队服役。
When he came back to the United States, at the end of the war, there was very anti-Black sentiment.
当战争结束，他回到美国时，社会上有非常反黑人的情绪。
The economy was compressing, there were a lot of stressors, and Black people could not get land,
当时经济处于紧缩状态，有很多压力因素，黑人得不到土地，
they could not get loans for homes, they really could not acquire any credit to build wealth over time, so he also became a farmer.
也得不到房屋贷款，他们真的无法获得任何信贷来积累财富，所以他也成了一名农民。
And he had a son, also named Silas -- there are a lot of Silases in my family -- my grandfather.
他有个儿子，也叫Silas，我家有很多Silases，他是我祖父。
My grandfather Silas was also a soldier and fought in World War II.
我祖父Silas也是一名士兵，参加过第二次世界大战。
After World War II, the US Federal Government passed the GI Bill, which provided support for veterans.
第二次世界大战之后，美国联邦政府通过了《退伍军人权利法案》为退伍军人提供支持。
And the bill provided for building of hospitals, student loans and, most importantly for wealth-building, low-interest home mortgages for veterans.
以及有关医院建设的法案助学贷款，并且，最重要的是为退伍军人提供积累财富的低息住房抵押贷款。
In the years following the war, the GI Bill accounted for four billion dollars of funding to nine million veterans. But Black veterans largely did not benefit.
在战争结束的几年里，《退伍军人权利法案》为九百万退伍军人提供了四十亿美元的资金。但大部分的黑人老兵并未从中受益。
So Silas, my grandfather, came back to Nashville, Tennessee, and he married my grandmother, whose name is Cinderella.
于是，我的祖父Silas回到了田纳西州的纳什维尔，他娶了我的祖母，她的名字叫Cinderella。
Yes, my grandmother's name was Cinderella. And they had eight children. But they never bought a home.
没错，我祖母的名字叫Cinderella（灰姑娘）。他们有八个孩子，但他们从没买过一间房子。
And the highlight of their housing journey was moving into a new public housing project with their children and paying rent for that housing project,
他们住房之旅的高光就是和他们的孩子一起进入一个新的公共住房项目，并为这个公共住房项目付租金。
which in terms of the quality of housing was fantastic for them and a step up, but did not allow them to build wealth.
就住房质量而言，这对他们来说是非常棒的一个进步，但这并不能让他们积累财富。
My father, another soldier, a 20-year veteran of the United States Marines, bought his first home in his early 50s,
我的父亲，又一个士兵，他在美国海军陆战队服役20年，在50岁出头时买了第一套房子，
but it took four generations for our family to move into homeownership and begin to build ownership and equity in a home.
但是我们的家族花了四代人的时间才拥有了自己的房子，并开始构建起房子的所有权和产权。
That's one family's story, and I skipped a lot of things that happened between the end of slavery and today:
这是一个家族的故事，我跳过了很多东西，这发生在奴隶制结束到今天之间：
redlining, housing discrimination before the Fair Housing Act in the 1970s, the really important role that Black-owned banks played in building Black communities,
在20世纪70年代《公平住房法案》出台之前，住房歧视是红线，黑人拥有的银行在建立黑人社区当中发挥了了重要的作用，
the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s, which crushed a lot of Black banks, and the subprime crisis in 2008, which stripped a lot of Black and brown homeowners of their homes.
20世纪80年代的储蓄和贷款危机压垮了很多黑人银行，2008年的次贷危机让许多黑色和棕色的房主失去了他们的房子。
There's a lot of history there, but that story tells you a bit about how we get to this 10x gap where we are today.
这里有很长的历史，但这个故事告诉你我们是如何造成今天十倍的贫富差距的。
Now, certainly, as we think about the size of that gap, it is critical for the Federal Government to take a number of actions.
现在，当然，当我们考虑这个差距的大小时，联邦政府采取的一系列措施至关重要。
That said, financial institutions play a really important role in providing access to credit, access to capital, to build communities and allow Black communities to thrive.
他们说，金融机构在提供信贷、提供获得资本的途径以建立社区并让社区繁荣之中扮演着非常重要的角色。
We have to be clear; managing 17,000 dollars better does not get us there.
我们得说清楚：更好地管理1.7万美元并不能让我们实现这一目标。
Better education does not get us there. Access to credit and capital are critical.
更好的教育也不能让我们实现这一目标。获得信贷和资本至关重要。
So I want to talk about four solutions today that financial institutions can contribute to start to close the wealth gap.
所以在今天我想谈谈金融机构可以帮助缩小贫富差距的四种解决方法。
Number one is getting more people on the ladder, getting more people banked.
第一是让更多的人有通往成功的阶梯，让更多的人获得银行服务。
We know today that about half of Black Americans are un- or underbanked.
我们知道今天有一半的美国黑人是unbanked或者underbanked的。
Unbanked means that you don't have a banking account.
unbanked意味着你没有银行账户。
Underbanked means that you have a bank account but you use alternative services for check-cashing or payday lending or paying bills.
Underbankded意味着你有银行账户，但你使用其他服务兑现支票或发薪日贷款或者支付账单。
And that's not just expensive from a transaction perspective in terms of the fees that you pay, it's also expensive in terms of the time that you commit to paying a bill.
不仅从交易的角度看起来你支付的费用是昂贵的，从你承诺支付账单所耗的的时间来看，它也是昂贵的。
Think about how you pay your utility bill today. It probably comes out of your checking account.
想想今天你是怎么付水电费的，它可能来自你的支票账户。
You don't even think about it. You set it up in advance, and it's automatic.
你甚至都无需考虑。你提前设置好它，过程是自动的。
Well, if you're unbanked, you are probably going to get a money order somewhere, physically, a piece of paper.
但如果你没有银行账户，你可能会在什么地方收到一张汇款单。
You then travel to City Hall or your DMV to pay that bill.
实际上，是一张纸然后你去市政厅或者你的车管所支付这个账单。
About 40 percent of people who are unbanked say they are unbanked because they think they don't have the minimum amount to really maintain a checking account.
大约40%的人没有银行账户，说他们没有银行账户，因为他们认为他们没有足够的钱来维持一个支票账户。
Well, that's just not true. In the last several years, credit unions, community banks and major banking institutions
但这不是真实的。最近几年，信用合作社、社区银行和主要银行机构
have created low-cost, no-minimum checking and savings account products specifically made for this population.
专为这一人群而设计了低成本、不设最低限额的支票和储蓄账户产品。
So we have an issue with awareness.
所以我们在认知上有些问题。
Banks, community partners and others have to work together to increase the awareness of these products in communities that need them,
银行、社区合作伙伴和其他必须共同努力在需要他们的社区中提高这些产品的知名度，
so that we can start to reduce the number of people who are un- and underbanked and get them on the ladder that we talked about earlier.
这样我们就可以减少那些没有或者不能使用银行账户的人，让他们可以登上我们提到的那个阶梯。
The challenge is about 28 percent of Black and Latinx families are credit-invisible, which means that you have a thin credit file or no credit file.
有个挑战是大约有28%的黑人和拉丁裔家庭是缺少信用的，这意味着你有一个低信用档案或没有信用档案。
And the way that credit works and creditworthiness assessments work is to say,
而信用和信用评估的运作方式
if you can prove that you have paid credit back consistently previously, then I can lend you more credit.
是你能否证明你以前一直偿还贷款，这样我可以借你更多的贷款。
It's kind of a chicken or an egg situation.
这有点像先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。
The interesting thing is that banks and financial technology companies have really innovated in recent years to use alternative data
有趣的是，银行和金融科技公司近年来确实有使用替代数据，
cable bills, utility bills, rent payments, etc. to show that you're able to consistently make payments.
有线电视费、物业账单、租金等，证明你能够负的起款。
The additional challenge on this one, unlike the last one, which was more about awareness, is that you need to have regulatory support to do these things.
还有另一个挑战，与上一个更多的是关于意识不同，你需要有监管支持来做这些事情。
You need to prove to regulators that you are able to fairly use alternative data to lend credit to marginalized groups.
你需要向监管机构证明你能够公平的使用替代数据向边缘化群体借贷。
What we need to see is, from the Federal Government and the banking industry,
我们需要的是联邦政府和银行机构一起，
to come together to create innovation sandboxes to start to use alternative data to expand to marginalized groups.
创造一种创新沙盒、使用替代数据使业务扩大到边缘群体。
Well, what about communities? Without community wealth, individual wealth, in a way, is on an island.
那么，社区呢？没有社区的财富，个人的财富，在某种程度上，就是在一个孤岛上。
And if you go into most major cities in the United States to most communities of color, what you'll find is underinvested communities.
如果你去美国的大多数大城市，去大多数有色人种的社区，你看到的会是缺少资金的社区。
For every economic crisis, these communities have suffered severely. For every economic boom, they have not benefited.
每一次经济危机，这些社区都会遭受重创。每一次经济爆炸，他们都没有受益。
And so what we're seeing in a number of cities across the country,
所以我们在全国许多城市看到的是：
and I'll use Chicago as an example, is the partnerships occurring between banking institutions, philanthropists,
以芝加哥为例，在银行机构和慈善家之间，合作正在发生，
the city and community leaders to invest hundreds of millions of dollars to build community resources and communities that have historically been disinvested.
城市和社区领导投资数亿美元来建立社区资源和历史上被削减投资的社区。
Lastly, we've got to talk about business, and not just small businesses.
最后，我们要谈谈生意上的事，不仅仅是小生意。
Now, when you have individual stability and a banking institution,
当您拥有个人稳定和银行机构时，
and you have access to credit, and when you have community wealth, those are all fantastic things, but we need also job creation.
您可以获得信贷，当您拥有社区财富时，这些都是很棒的事情，但我们还需要创造就业机会。
Take all of the new tech companies, and I say "new" because now they're not so new, but take Facebook, Google, Amazon.
以所有的新科技公司为例，我说“新”是因为现在它们已经不那么新了，但以脸书，谷歌，亚马逊为例。
At some point, all of those companies were sole proprietorships with one employee or a few employees that were building a technology that was not yet proven.
在某些节点，所有这些公司都是独资企业，只有一个或几个员工在开发一种尚未得到验证的技术。
What those companies received early on was venture capital money.
这些公司在早期得到了风险投资。
And when you look at venture capital today, only one percent of venture capital funds go to Black founders.
但看看现在的风险投资，只有百分之一的风险投资资金流向了黑人创始人。
So if Black entrepreneurs are largely shut out of those networks they're not able to grow, and the only way for that to change is from within the industry itself.
所以如果黑人企业家在很大程度上被这些网络拒之门外，他们就没有能力成长，要改变这种情况，唯一的方法就是从行业内部开始。
In this generation, we must not only be talking about thriving businesses in Black communities.
在这一代，我们不能只谈论在黑人社区繁荣发展业务。
We must also be talking about seeing more Black-owned and founded businesses going public. Those are just four solutions.
我们还必须谈论看到更多的黑人持有或者建立的企业公开上市。这些只是四个解决方案。
There's many other things that can and should be done to close the wealth gap. This gap is not new.
还有很多其他事可以而且应该被解决以缩小贫富差距。这种差距并不新鲜。
It was born and perpetuated by federal policy, social constructs and business practice over time, and all of those things need to change to start to close the gap.
它是由联邦政策、社会结构、商业惯例所产生和延续的，而所有这些东西都需要改变以开始缩小贫富差距。
Financial institutions play a really critical role at the individual level, at the community level and at the business level.
金融机构扮演着非常关键的角色，不仅在个人层面更在社区层面以及商业层面。
It's important to our families, it's important to our communities and it's important to our economy.
这对我们的家庭很重要、对我们的社区很重要、也对我们的经济很重要。
Instead of talking about how the gap continues to grow, let's begin to close the gap now. Thank you.
与其谈论差距怎样会继续扩大，不如现在就开始缩减这种差距。感谢大家。
