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Hello. I'm John Russell.
大家好，我是约翰·罗素。
Let's continue exploring the consonant sounds of American English.
让我们继续探索美式英语的辅音发音。
In previous videos, I talked about how consonant sounds involved some kind of obstruction of the airstream.
在之前的视频中，我讲过辅音发音是如何受到气流阻碍的。
Today, let's talk about consonant sounds that are made with the blade of the tongue and the hard palate.
今天，我们来谈谈舌尖和硬腭发出的辅音。
The hard palate is the part of your mouth that is behind your teeth perhaps 1 to 2 centimeters back.
硬腭是口腔内牙齿背面大约1到2厘米的部分。
Speakers of American English produce four different sounds in this area of the mouth.
说美式英语的人在嘴巴的这个区域发出四种不同的声音。
Those sounds are /sh/, /3/, /tsh/, /d3/.
那些声音有：/sh/、/3/、/tsh/、/d3/。(注: 此处音标写法为便于编辑，正确写法见视频。)
/sh/, as in sheep or wish
/sh/的音比如sheep（绵羊），wish（希望）
/3/ as in genre
/3/的音比如genre（体裁，类型）
/tsh/ as in church or chicken
/tsh/的音比如church（教堂）或者chicken（鸡肉）
And /d3/ as injustice or judge.
/d3/的音比如injustice（不公正）或者judge（法官）。
Note that the /3/ sound as in genre, rarely begins a word in American English.
注意genre里面的 /3/音，通常不会作为一个单词的开头音。
In general, words that have this sound at the beginning are of foreign origin, such as genre or Jean or Jacques.
一般来说，在开头有这个音的词都是外来的，比如genre（体裁）或Jean（牛仔裤）或Jacques（雅克，常为男子名）。
To practice making the /sh/ as in sheep or wish sound,
练习sheep 或 wish里面的/sh/音，
you can start with an /s/ sound as in say,
你可以先从say里面的/s/音开始，
then move your tongue back and up to make the /sh/ sound as in shape. say shape
然后向后和向上移动你的舌头来发出shape中/sh/的音。
You will know you are making the sound correctly when you feel the air cooling off the top of your tongue, and the part of your mouth that is just behind your teeth.
当你感觉到气流从舌尖和牙齿后面的部分冷却下来时，那么你这个发音就是正确的。
Note that my lips are round for all of these sounds.
注意，发这四个音时，我的嘴唇呈圆形。
The obstruction is inside the mouth, not outside at the lips.
气流阻塞发生在口腔内，而不是在嘴唇外。
That's all for today.
以上就是今天的全部内容。
Keep up the good work.
继续加油吧。
