评论
打印
In June 1822, a man named Alexis St.Martin was accidentally shot in the stomach at Fort Mackinac, Michigan.
1822年6月，一名名叫亚历克西斯·圣马丁的男子在密歇根州麦基纳克堡被意外击中腹部。
When a surgeon named William Beaumont arrived on the scene, the situation was dire.
一位名叫威廉·博蒙特的外科医生赶到现场时，见到了非常可怕的情况。
As Beaumont described it, "A large portion of the side was blown off...
正如他所描述的那样，“腹部一侧有很大一部分因为枪击受到损伤……
[there was a] perforation made directly into the cavity of the stomach, through which food was escaping."
[有]一枚子弹直接进入了胃腔，食物由于弹孔外泄。
Gross.
恶心。
Beaumont eventually nursed his patient back to health, so successfully that St.Martin was able to one day paddle his family in a canoe from what is now Wisconsin to Montreal.
在博蒙特的帮助下，圣马丁最终恢复了健康，医生的救治十分成功，以至于圣马丁有一天能够划独木舟将他的家人从现在的威斯康星州送到了蒙特利尔。
Though St.Martin was able to live a relatively unencumbered life after the accident, the wound never completely closed up.
事故发生后，圣马丁的生活还算比较轻松，但他的伤口从未完全愈合。
For the rest of his life, as Richard Wrangham describes in his captivating book, "Catching Fire," "...The inner workings of his stomach were visible from the outside."
就像理查德·兰厄姆在他那本引人入胜的小说《星火燎原》中所描述的那样，在圣马丁的余生里，“……从外面可以看到他的胃的内部活动”。
Hi, I'm Justin Dodd.
嗨，我是贾斯汀·多德。
Welcome to Food History.
欢迎来到食物的历史。
Other than morbid curiosity, why should we care about a guy whose guts were publicly available information?
除了病态的好奇心，还有什么驱使着我们关心一个胃部完全“一览无余”的人？
Well, in addition to being an effective surgeon, Beaumont knew an opportunity when it arose.
博蒙特是一名出色的外科医生，而且很会抓住机会。
In St.Martin, he had an almost-literal window into the workings of the human body.
在圣马丁身上，他终于有机会从字面意义上观察“人体的运作”。
The information he gleaned through observation of his unique subject gave us insights that might otherwise have been impossible to learn about the digestive system.
他通过观察圣马丁这个特殊样本收集到了很多信息，让我们得以了解原本不可能了解的消化系统。
In an indirect way, they might even help us understand the incredible contributions made to humanity by cooking.
这些知识甚至可能间接地帮助我们理解烹饪为人类发展做出了怎样杰出的贡献。
They give us a jumping off point to discuss some of the foods that have had the biggest impact in the history of humanity, all part of an attempt to answer a fascinating question offered up by one of our audience members.
我们可以用它作为起点，来讨论一些对人类历史产生了巨大影响的食物，以回答我们的观众提出的一个有趣的问题。
It's a story that takes a couple million years and involves intrepid volunteers chewing raw goat meat, international trade, and the birth of agriculture.
这是一个贯穿数百万年的故事，其中涉及到吃生山羊肉的英勇人士、国际贸易和农业的诞生。
Not in that order.
但故事不是按这个顺序来讲的。
Let's get started!
我们开始吧!
"Which food has done the most to shape human development?"
“哪种食物对人类发展的影响最大？
When an audience member named Mike posed that question to us in the comments of our video about nachos, it got us thinking.
一位名叫Mike的观众在玉米片那期视频的评论中向我们提出了这个问题，于是我们开始思考。
Like a lot of interesting questions, it's kind of impossible to answer, but it raises a number of interesting questions on its own.
像许多其它有趣的问题一样，这个问题可以说是没有答案的，但它本身也引出了其它一些有趣的问题。
How do you define human development?
你如何定义人类发展？
Heck, how do you define food?
不对，你是怎么定义食物的？
For our purposes, if only to keep this video from being nine hours long, food is something you eat.
为了避免这期视频长达9个小时，我们先明确一点，食物就是你吃的东西。
As in, no beverages.
也就是说，不包括饮品。
Sorry water, milk, tea, and beer - although, side note, our next episode is going to be all about beer, so don't go crying into your unspecified fermented beverage just yet.
对水、牛奶、茶和啤酒说声对不起——但是，我们的下一期视频全部是关于啤酒的，所以现在不要借我们还没讲到的发酵饮料消愁。
In fact, if you have a cool fact about beer, drop it in the comments below.
事实上，如果你知道有关啤酒的奇妙故事，请在评论区中留言。
Even sticking to solids, we're left with a crowded field of contenders.
即使不包括液体，还是有很多竞争者。
We batted some ideas around in the office (back when being in the office was a thing); and we asked the AskFoodHistorians subreddit for their insight, since, you know, it's right there in their name.
我们在办公室里讨论想法时(在我们还能去办公室办公的时候)；我们向AskFoodHistory Subreddit请教他们的见解，因为，你懂的，它名字里就有这期的主题。
Aan they pointed us to some excellent books, which we'll pull from throughout this video.
他们推荐了一些优秀的书籍，将在后面的视频中提到。
We're even gonna bring in the authors of one of those books a little bit later for his perspective.
视频后面我们还将邀请其中一本书的作者来说说他的观点。
We're going to mostly talk about just four types of food today - tubers, meat, sugar, and cereal grains - but choices were made with a healthy dose of humility.
今天我们将主要讨论四种食物——块茎作物、肉、糖和谷类——但这些选择都经过了认真的分析。
You could make a convincing argument for rice or maize, salt or pepper.
你也可以提出一个令人信服的论点，支持大米、玉米、盐或胡椒。
No single ingredient could ever tell the entire history of human development, or of food's role in it, but hopefully each one of our choices tells us something interesting about the way that food and humanity have influenced one another.
人类发展的整个历史，或是食物在人类发展过程中发挥的作用不是单单提出一种食物能概括的，但希望我们的这些选择都能让我们了解一些食物和人类发展相互影响的有趣故事。
