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OK, back to Beaumont, our inquisitive doctor from the top of the video.
好了，回到视频开头的博蒙特，我们好奇心旺盛的医生。
He studied his hole-y subject on and off for years, often introducing different foodstuffs tied to a string directly into St.Martin's fistula.
多年来，他断断续续地研究他的“弹孔专题”，经常将不同的食物绑在一起直接引入圣马丁的瘘管。
Yeah, the hole in his abdomen.
对，也就是他腹部的洞。
He'd then pull the strings back out to note, among other things, the time it took to digest various items.
然后，他会把绳子拉回来，记录下消化各种食物所需的时间等信息。
He drew a couple conclusions that would prove illuminating, even decades later.
他得出的几个结论即使在几十年后的现在也是极具启发性的。
For one, tender food with greater surface area - what he called "minuteness of division" - was digested faster.
首先，表面积更大的鲜嫩食物——他所说的“具有细微分裂”的食物——更容易消化。
And cooked food, including potatoes and meat, was processed dramatically faster than raw food.
而消化熟食，例如消化土豆和肉的速度比消化生食快得多。
Almost two centuries later, Professor Richard Wrangham came to St.Martin's story from the perspective of a biological anthropologist - before he became fascinated with cooking, much of his work focused on the differences between human beings and other primates, especially chimpanzees.
近两个世纪后，理查德·兰厄姆教授从一位生物人类学家的角度分析了圣马丁的故事——在迷上烹饪之前，他的大部分工作都集中在人类与其他灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩之间的差异上。
Wrangham uses Beaumont's takeaways as one piece of what he would eventually call the "cooking hypothesis," a fairly persuasive argument that cooking is perhaps the defining difference between us and our Homo habilis ancestors.
兰厄姆将在博蒙特身上进行的实验作为他最终起名为“烹饪假说”的理论的一部分，这是一个相当有说服力的论点，认为是否会烹饪可能是我们和我们的祖先能人之间决定性的差异。
The cooking hypothesis says, an ape became human because it learned to cook.
烹饪假说是说，猿类之所以成为人类，是因为它学会了烹饪。
Cooking transformed us, our ancestors I should say, partly because it gave a lot of energy, and that energy was available for new activities.
烹饪改变了我们，应该说是改变了我们的祖先，部分原因是因为烹饪能够提供大量能量，这些能量可以用于进行新的活动。
Like, traveling farther.
比如，去更远的地方。
Like, having babies faster.
比如，更早生孩子。
Like, having a better immune system that gave us better defense against diseases.
比如，加强免疫系统，让我们能够更好地抵御疾病。
It also made our food softer, which meant that the mouth could be smaller, the teeth could be smaller, the gut could be smaller because the food was also more digestible.
它还让我们的食物变软，这意味着嘴可以变小，牙齿可以变小，肠道可以变小，因为食物更容易消化。
And at the same time by the way, cooking meant that fire was being used to heat the food, and the acquisition of, the control of fire meant that our ancestors could, for the first time, safely sleep on the ground, defended by the fire.
顺便说一句，烹饪意味着用火来加热食物，学会控制火意味着我们的祖先第一次可以在火的保护下安全地睡在地上。
So they no longer had to adapt to climbing in trees.
他们不需要再爬树。
So that meant that they could really fully adapt, for the first time, to walking and running on the ground.
这意味着他们第一次能够完全适应在地面上行走和跑步的生活。
In a 1999 piece published in Current Anthropology, Wrangham and his colleagues began to make this argument with a particular focus on tubers, rhizomes, and corms - think potatoes, cassava, taro root, and yams - which they call "underground storage organs."
在1999年发表在《当代人类学》上的一篇文章中，兰厄姆和他的同事们首次提出了这一论点，并特别关注块茎、根茎和球茎——比如土豆、木薯、芋头和山药——他们称这些为“地下贮藏器官”。
Sexy.
性感。
Wrangham's argument is really about focusing on a technology (fire) over an ingredient (meat).
兰厄姆的论点实际上是关注技术（火），而不是食材（肉）。
But unfortunately for the purposes of this video, fire isn't a food (although there are fire eaters, so maybe it is?
但不幸的是，在这段视频中，火不是一种食物（虽然是有吞火的人，所以它可能也算是食物？
No.
不是。
That's stupid.
那也太蠢了。
Disregard that.)
把这段忘了。）
Tubers are basically a way for us to discuss cooking-with-fire separately from meat-eating.
块茎是我们把烹饪和吃肉区分开来的基本方式。
And it's not like the researchers chose "underground storage organs" arbitrarily.
而且，研究人员选择“地下贮藏器官”进行研究是经过考量的。
For one, by the researchers' estimation, tubers would've been a much more plentiful food source than meat - one that was unavailable to many other animals, since they likely would have required digging sticks to access.
首先，根据研究人员的猜测，人类获取块茎的难度本应比肉类低得多——许多其他动物无法获得这种食物，因为这些食材埋在地下，要用棍子来挖。
They also pointed towards evidence that ancestors a million years before the emergence of Homo erectus may have consumed meat without the corresponding physiological changes.
他们还指出，有证据表明，直立人出现之前的一百万年，人类的祖先可能食用肉类而没有出现任何相应的生理变化。
