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So two weeks ago, I searched the word "nationalist" on Twitter.
两周前，我在推特上搜索“民族主义者”。
The results were quite colorful, with expressions like, "Emboldened Racist Moron,"
结果多种多样，有的说是“大胆的种族主义白痴”，
"White Supremacist Idiot," "Fascist Sock Puppets," -- "Orwellian, Hitlerian, Terrifying."
“白种至上主义笨蛋”，“法西斯的袜子木偶”--“奥威尔式的、希特勒式的，令人恐怖的。”
I then searched the word "globalist" and got things like, "Socialist Sell-Outs,"
然后我搜索了“全球主义者”这个词，然后得到的结果是“来自社会主义的叛徒，”
"Disgusting Corporate Propaganda," "Elitist Financial Overlords," "Ruthless Cosmopolitan Rats."
“令人恶心的企业宣传”，“精英阶层的金融霸主”，“无情的世界主义老鼠。”
Even by social media standards, the words are cruel and disgusting.
即使用社交媒体的标准来看，这些词是让人难受和厌恶的。
But they reflect the intensity of one of the most fundamental questions of our times:
但是它们反应了一个在我们当下这个时代很严重的基本问题：
Nationalism or globalism -- what is the best path forward?
民族主义还是全球主义--哪一个才是最好的前进方向呢？
This question impacts everything we care about:
这个问题影响了我们所关心的每一件事情：
our cultural identity, our prosperity, our political systems -- everything -- the health of our planet -- everything.
我们的文化身份，繁荣兴旺，政治体制，所有事情--我们星球的健康。
So on the one hand, we have nationalism. Collins defines it as a "devotion to one's nation,"
一方面，民族主义。《柯林斯词典》把这一名词解释为“对一个民族的忠诚”，
but also, a "doctrine that puts national interests above international considerations."
但同时也是“一种把民族利益放在全球环境之上的信条。”
For nationalists, our modern societies are built on national grounds:
对于民族主义者来说，我们现代社会是建立在民族的基础上：
we share a land, a history, a culture, and we defend each other.
我们分享一片土地，一种历史、文化，并且互相保护。
In a big and chaotic world, they see nationalism as the only sensible way to maintain social stability.
在一个巨大的混乱的世界里，他们将民族主义视作唯一一种合理的维护社会稳定的方法。
But alarmed globalists warn us: self-centered nationalism can easily turn ugly.
但是警惕的全球主义者提醒我们：以自我为中心的民族主义会很容易变得丑陋。
We've seen it with 20th-century fascisms: bloody wars, millions of deaths, immeasurable destruction.
我们已经在20世纪的法西斯主义里见到过：血腥的战争，数百万人的死亡，无可计量的破坏。
On the other hand, we have globalism. The Oxford Living Dictionary defines it as:
另一方面，全球主义。《牛津生活字典》对它定义为：
"the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis."
“对经济和外交政策的经营或计划建立在全球的基础上。”
For nationalists, globalism is rapidly deconstructing what our ancestors took decades to build.
对于民族主义者来说，全球主义是一种对于我们祖先用很长时间建立起的体制的快速破坏。
It's like spitting on our soldiers' tombs; it's eroding our national solidarities and opening the doors to foreign invasions.
就好像对着我们士兵的坟墓吐痰；它正在侵蚀我们的国家团结；并向来自外部的入侵敞开大门。
But globalists make the case that reinforcing our global governance is the only way to tackle big supernational problems,
但是全球主义主张增强全球化管理，这是处理跨国问题的唯一方法，
like nuclear proliferation, the global refugee crisis, climate change or terrorism or even the consequences of superhuman AI.
例如核扩散，全球难民危机，气候变化或恐怖组织，甚至超级人工智能带来的后果。
So we are at the crossroads, and we are asked to choose: nationalism or globalism?
所以，我们现在站在一个十字路口，我们被要求做出选择：民族主义或是全球主义？
Having lived in four continents, I've always been interested in this question.
我已经在四个大洲上居住过了，常常对这个问题产生兴趣。
But it took a whole new level when I saw this happening:
但我看到这个后，使我对这个问题的看法到了另一个层面上：
the biggest surge in nationalist votes in Western democracies since World War II.
自从第二次世界大战以来，在西方民主国家中支持民族主义投票的陡增。
All of a sudden, this isn't theory anymore.
一瞬间，这并不只是一个理论了。
I mean, these political movements have built their success with ideas that could mean,
这些政治运动已经取得成功，背后的想法可能意味着，
down the road, losing my French citizenship because I'm North African
在不久的将来，我可能会失去我法国公民的身份，因为我是一个北非人，
or not being able to come back home to the US because I come from a Muslim-majority country.
或者再也无法返回美国，因为我来自穆斯林为主的国家。
You know, when you live in a democracy,
当你生活在民主国家中，
you live with this idea that your government will always protect you, as long as you abide by the laws.
你相信，你的政府会永远保护你，只要你遵守法律。
With the rise of national populism, despite being the best citizen I can,
随着当下兴起的民族民粹主义，尽管我是一个良好的市民，
I now have to live with the idea that my government can hurt me for reasons I cannot control.
我现在也要接受我的政府可能会伤害我，只是因为一些我无法控制的原因。
It's very unsettling. But it forced me to rethink and rethink this question and try to think deeper.
这极其令人不安。但这让我再次思考，再次并且更深入地思考这个问题。
And the more I thought about it, the more I started questioning the question.
随着我思考的越多，我越来越开始质疑这个问题本身。
Why would we have to choose between nationalism and globalism, between loving our country and caring for the world?
为什么我们一定要在民族主义和全球主义中选择一个，在热爱国家和关心世界中选择一个呢？
There's no reason for that. We don't have to choose between family and country or region or religion and country.
这是毫无道理的。我们没有必要在家庭和国家地区中选择，或是在宗教和国家中选择。
We already have multiple identities, and we live with them very well.
我们已经有了多重的身份，伴随着这些，我们生活得也很好。
Why would we have to choose between country and world?
为什么我们要在国家和世界中做出抉择呢？
What if, instead of accepting this absurd choice, we took it on ourselves to fight this dangerous, binary thinking?
假如，与其去接受这些荒谬的选择，我们对抗这个危险的二元选择会怎么样？
So for all the globalists in the audience, I want to ask:
所以面对在坐的全球主义观众们，我想问：
When I say the word "nationalist," what image comes to your mind?
当我说“民族主义”这个词时，你们想到了什么？
Something like this? Believe me, I think of that, too.
是不是这样的？相信我，我也是这样想的。
But I'd like you to remember that for most people, nationalism feels more like this. Or maybe like that.
但我想让你们记住，对大多数人来说民族主义的感觉更像是这样的。或者像这样的。
You know, it's that thing inside you when you accidentally watch an obscure Olympic sport on TV
这就是你们内心深处的感受，当你们无意间在电视上看到了一个难懂的奥林匹克运动，
wait -- and the mere sight of an unknown athlete wearing your national colors gets you all excited.
等一下，仅仅看到一个不知名的运动员穿着你们国家颜色的衣服都会使你们激动。
Your heartbeat goes up, your stress level goes up,
你的心跳加快，血压升高，
and you're standing in front of the TV and screaming with passion for that athlete to win.
并且你会驻足于电视前为这个运动员的胜利激情尖叫。
That's nationalism. It's people happy to be together, happy to belong to a large national community. Why would it be wrong?
这就是民族主义。人们乐于聚集在一起，为属于同一个民族共同体感到开心。哪里又有错的呢？
You know, globalists, you may think of nationalism as an old, 19th-century idea that is destined to fade.
全球主义者或许认为民族主义是一个古老的19世纪的思想，注定会消失。
But I'm sorry to tell you that the facts are not on your side.
但我很不幸的告诉你们，真相并不如你们所想。
When the World Values Survey asked more than 89,000 people across 60 countries how proud they felt about their country,
世界价值观调查询问了来自60个国家、超过89000人，他们对自己国家的自豪感如何？
88.5 percent said "very proud" or "quite proud" -- 88.5 percent.
88.5%的都表示“非常自豪”或“比较自豪”，88.5%。
Nationalism is not going away anytime soon.
民族主义不会很快消失的。
It's a powerful feeling that, according to another study, is a strong predictor of individual happiness.
另一项研究表明，它是一种强大的感觉，是个体幸福的有效的预测仪。
It's crazy, but your happiness is more correlated with national satisfaction than with things you would expect,
听起来难以置信，但你们的快乐或许真的与民族满足感有关，胜过你们所认为的其他事物，
like household income or your job satisfaction or your health satisfaction.
如家庭收入、工作成就感、健康满意度。
So if nationalism makes people happy, why would anybody take it away from them?
所以，如果民族主义使人开心，为什么一些人要消灭它呢？
Fellow globalists, if you are like me, you may be attached to globalization for humanistic reasons.
各位全球主义者们，如果你们像我一样，你们可能是因为全人类的一些原因倾向于全球化。
And you may take great joy in some of its accomplishments since 1945.
与此同时，你们可能因从1945年以来的一系列成就感受到喜悦。
After all, major regions of the world have been exceptionally peaceful;
毕竟，世界上主要地区都格外的和平；
extreme poverty rates around the globe are trending down;
全世界的极端贫困率正在下降；
and more than two billion people, most notably in Asia, show spectacular improvements in their standards of living.
超过20亿人口，主要是在亚洲，生活水平有了极大的提高。
But studies also show that globalization has a dark side.
但一些研究也显示了全球化不好的一面。
And left on the side of the road are hundreds of millions of people in Western middle classes
在另一面的是，很多西方中产阶级人群
with anemic income growth for more than two decades, possibly three decades, according to some studies.
根据一些研究，在过去的20年里收入增长缓慢，甚至说是过去30年。
We cannot ignore this elephant in our room.
我们无法忽视这个巨大的问题。
If anything, our collective energy would be better used finding ways to fix this aspect of globalization,
如果有可能，我们应该更好地利用集体的力量，找到解决全球化中这个问题的方法，
instead of fighting this polarizing battle against nationalism.
而不是用于这场对抗民族主义的两极化斗争。
So now, the nationalists in the audience, I have some crusty, nonbinary nuggets for you.
所以，现在，观众里的民族主义者们，我有一些强硬的、非二元的好点子给你们。
When I say the word "globalist," what comes to your mind? Out-of-touch, one-percent plutocrats?
当我说“全球主义”时，你们脑子里首先浮现的是什么？脱离现实的，百分之一的富豪？
Or maybe the heartless, greedy Wall Street type, right?
又或者是无情的、贪婪的华尔街之徒，对么？
Or maybe people like me, with multiple origins, living in a big, cosmopolitan metropolis.
又或者是一些像我这样的人，有着多种根源，住在国际化大都市里。
Well, you remember that World Values Survey that I mentioned earlier?
好吧，你们还记得先前我提到的国际价值观调查么？
It showed another fascinating finding:
它还有另外一个有趣的发现：
71 percent of the world population agreed with the statement, "I am a citizen of the world."
世界上71%的人口同意“我是这个世界的公民”这一观点。
Do you know what it means? Most of us are simultaneously proud of our country and citizens of the world.
你们知道这意味这什么吗？我们中的大多数，在为自己国家骄傲的同时，也为作为世界的公民而骄傲。
And it gets even better.
还有更好的一点。
The citizens of the world in the survey show a higher level of national pride than the ones that rejected that label.
在调查中，相比与那些不认同的人们，认为自己是世界公民的人群有着更高的国家荣耀感。
So once and for all, being a globalist doesn't mean betraying your country.
所以，一旦成为一名全球主义者，并不等同于背叛你的国家。
It just means that you have enough social empathy, and you project some of it outside your national borders.
这只是表明，你有足够的社会同情心，你把其中的一部分投射到了国家以外的地区。
Now, I know that when I dig into my own nationalist feelings,
现如今，我知道，当我挖掘我民族主义情绪的时候，
one of my anxieties versus the globalized world is national identity:
在面对全球化的世界时，我对一点感到不安就是民族身份：
How are we going to preserve what makes us special, what makes us different, what brings us together?
我们应该如何去延续那些让我们特别，那些让我们不同，那些让我们聚集在一起的东西呢？
And as I started thinking about it, I realized something really strange,
当我开始思考这个问题的时候，我发现很奇怪的一点，
which is that a lot of the key ingredients of our national identities actually come from outside our national borders.
相比于国家之外的地方，哪些才是关乎民族身份的关键地方呢？
Like, think of the letters that we use every day.
比如说字母，我们每天都在用。
I don't know if you realize, but the Latin script,
我不知道你们是否意识到，拉丁语，
the Latin alphabet that we use has its origins thousands of years ago, near the Nile River.
我们使用的拉丁语字母起源于数千年之前，在尼罗河附近。
It all started with a cow just like this, that was captured by a scribe into an elegant hieroglyph.
这一切的开始就像这头牛一样，被一个文士用优雅的象形文字记录下来。
That hieroglyph was transcribed by a Semite in the Sinai into the letter aleph.
这种象形文字被闪米特人在西奈半岛抄写下来，变成了aleph。
Aleph traveled with Phoenicians and reached the European shores in Greece, where it became alpha, the mother of our letter A.
alephe被腓尼基人带着到了希腊的欧洲海岸上，在那里变成了alpha，字母A的祖先。
So that's how an Egyptian cow became our letter A.
这就是一头埃及牛如何变成字母A的。
And same thing with the Egyptian house that became bet, beta and B.
并且同样的事情也发生在埃及房子上，它变成了bet，beta和B。
And the Egyptian fish that became daleth, delta and D.
与此同时埃及的鱼，它变成了daleth，delta和D。
Our most fundamental texts are full of Egyptian cows, houses and fish.
我们最基本的文字中充满了埃及的牛、房子和鱼。
And there are so many other examples. Take the United Kingdom and its monarchy.
这样的例子还有很多。以英国和他们的君主为例。
Queen Elizabeth II? German ancestry.
伊丽莎白女王二世？她有着德国血统。
The mottos on the royal coat of arms? All written in French, not a single word of English.
皇室纹章上的座右铭？全是用法语写的，没有一个是英语。
Take France and it's iconic Eiffel Tower.
以法国和它的地标性建筑埃菲尔铁塔为例。
The inspiration? The United States of America -- and I don't mean Las Vegas, I mean 19th-century New York.
灵感来源？美利坚。我并不是指拉斯维加斯赌城，我说的是19世纪的纽约。
This was the tallest building in New York in the mid-19th century. Does it remind you of something?
这是19世纪中期纽约最高的建筑物。这有没有让你想起点什么？
And you may think of China as a self-contained civilization, protected behind its Great Wall.
你们可能会想到中国，一个自给自足的文明，被长城守护着。
But think twice. The Chinese official ideology? Marxism, made in Germany.
但再仔细想想。中国的官方意识形态？马克思主义，起源于德国。
One of China's biggest religions? Buddhism, imported from India.
中国最大的宗教？佛教，从印度传入。
India's favorite pastime? Cricket.
印度最流行的娱乐项目？板球。
I really love this quote from Ashis Nandy, who said, "Cricket is an Indian game accidentally discovered by the British."
我真的很喜欢阿希斯·南迪这句话，“板球是个印度的游戏，只是碰巧被英国人发明了。”
So these are good reminders that a lot of what we love in our national traditions actually come from previous waves of globalization.
所以这些都是很好的提醒，告诉我们，大家所热爱的民族传统实际上来源于早些年的全球化风潮。
And beyond individual symbols, there are whole national traditions that could not have existed without globalization.
除了个体的特征以外，许多民族传统，如果没有全球化，是不可能存在的。
And the example that comes to my mind is a world-beloved national tradition: Italian cuisine.
我脑海里出现的一个例子，就是全世界热爱的民族传统：意大利菜。
My friends, if you ever have a chance to go to a superauthentic Italian restaurant that only serves ancient Roman recipes,
我的朋友们啊，你们若有机会去一个非常地道的意大利饭店，里面只提供古罗马的菜品，
my advice for you is: don't go.
我给你们的建议是：别去。
You'd get very, very disappointed.
你会非常、非常失望的。
No spaghetti, no pasta -- that really started in Sicily in the eighth century, when it was under Arabian rule.
没有意大利面，没有通心粉，他们都起源于第八世纪的西西里岛，当时还处于阿拉伯人的统治下。
No perfect espresso, no creamy cappuccino -- that came from Abyssinia via Yemen in the 17th century.
没有好喝的意式浓缩咖啡，没有奶油卡布奇诺，这些来源于阿比希尼亚，在17世纪从也门传入。
And of course, no perfect pizza Napoletana -- how would you make it without the tomatoes of the New World?
当然了，也没有那不勒斯披萨--若没来自新大陆的番茄，又怎么做呢？
No, instead, you would be served probably a lot of porridge, some vegetable -- mostly cabbage -- some cheese,
然而，能给你提供的可能是许多麦片粥，一些蔬菜，主要是卷心菜，还有一些芝士，
and maybe if you're lucky, the absolute delicacy of that time -- mmm, perfectly cooked fattened dormice.
如果你够幸运的话，当时绝对佳肴，嗯，精心烹饪的肥睡鼠。
Thankfully, it was not a close tradition preserved by fanatic watchdogs.
值得庆幸的是，它并非一个封闭的传统，并没有被狂热监督者保留下来。
No, it was an open process, nourished by explorers, traders, street sellers and innovative home cooks.
事实上，它是开放的过程，探险家、商人、小贩和创新的家厨不断为其添砖加瓦。
And in many ways, globalization is a chance for our national traditions to be questioned, regenerated, reinterpreted,
从多个角度来说，全球化是一个机遇，能让我们民族的传统可以去被质疑、再生并且重新定义，
to attract new converts to stay vibrant and relevant over time.
能够吸引新的皈依者，随时间推移保持活力和意义。
So just remember this: most of us nationalists in the world are globalists,
所以记住，世界上大多数的民族主义者，是全球主义者的，
and most of us globalists in the world are nationalists.
世界上大多数全球主义者同时也是民族主义者。
A lot of what we like in our national traditions come from outside our national borders.
许多我们喜欢的民族传统来源于我们国度之外。
And the reason we venture outside our national borders is to discover these other national traditions.
我们之所以向国度之外探险，是为了发现其他的民族传统。
So the real question should not be to choose between nationalism and globalism.
所以，真正的问题不应该是在民族主义和全球主义中二选一。
The real questions is: How can we do both better?
真正的问题是：如何让两者更好？
It's a complex question for a complex world that calls for creative, nonbinary solutions.
这是一个复杂世界的复杂问题，它需要有创意的、非二元的解决策略。
What are you waiting for? Thank you.
你们还在等什么呢？谢谢。
