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Isn't it fascinating how the simple act of drawing a line on the map can transform the way we see and experience the world?
简单地在地图上画一条线，便能改变我们体验看待这个世界的方式，这不是很有意思吗？
And how those spaces in between lines, borders, become places.
那些线、那些边界之间的空间，成了一个个地区。
They become places where language and food and music and people of different cultures
在这些地区里，不同文化的语言、食物，音乐和人，
rub up against each other in beautiful and sometimes violent and occasionally really ridiculous ways.
以美丽的、时而带暴力的，甚至偶尔是极荒谬的方式互动。
And those lines drawn on a map can actually create scars in the landscape, and they can create scars in our memories.
而画在地图上的线，不仅形成景观上的疤痕，也能在记忆中留下疮疤。
My interest in borders came about when I was searching for an architecture of the borderlands.
在找寻边境地区建筑的时候，我开始对边界感到兴趣。
And I was working on several projects along the US-Mexico border,
当时我正在美墨边境做几个项目，
designing buildings made out of mud taken right from the ground.
设计泥土造的建筑。
And I also work on projects that you might say immigrated to this landscape.
我也参与了一些可说是迁徙到那片土地上的项目。
"Prada Marfa," a land-art sculpture that crosses the border between art and architecture,
“马尔法的普拉达”这个土地艺术雕塑，穿越了艺术与建筑的边界，
and it demonstrated to me that architecture could communicate ideas that are much more politically and culturally complex,
向我展示建筑也能传达很复杂的政治文化理念，
that architecture could be satirical and serious at the same time
而且建筑可以同时具讽刺性而又严肃，
and it could speak to the disparities between wealth and poverty and what's local and what's foreign.
它可以展现贫富差距，也能显现什么是本地、什么是外来的。
And so in my search for an architecture of the borderlands, I began to wonder, is the wall architecture?
因此，当我找寻边境地区建筑时，我也开始质疑：边境墙算是建筑吗？
I began to document my thoughts and visits to the wall by creating a series of souvenirs
我以创造一系列纪念品的方式开始，记录对边境墙的想法及实地勘察，
to remind us of the time when we built a wall and what a crazy idea that was.
藉以提醒关注墙的兴建，以及建墙这主意是多疯狂。
I created border games, postcards, snow globes with little architectural models inside of them,
我创造了边境游戏、明信片、里头有小建筑模型的雪花球、
and maps that told the story of resilience at the wall
讲述这堵墙的顽强事迹的地图，
and sought for ways that design could bring to light the problems that the border wall was creating.
寻思要如何设计，才能引起大众注意边墙所带来的问题。
So, is the wall architecture? Well, it certainly is a design structure,
那么，边界境墙算是建筑吗？它肯定是一个设计结构，
and it's designed at a research facility called FenceLab,
由“FenceLab”这研究单位所设计，
where they would load vehicles with 10,000 pounds and ram them into the wall at 40 miles an hour to test the wall's impermeability.
他们在那儿开载重10000磅的车，以40英里时速撞击，来测试墙的抗穿透性。
But there was also counter-research going on on the other side,
但另一边也有人做对应的研究，
the design of portable drawbridges that you could bring right up to the wall and allow vehicles to drive right over.
设计可携式吊桥，你可以把它带到墙边架起，由墙上开车过去。
And like with all research projects, there are successes and there are failures.
如同所有的研究项目，有的成功，有的失败。
But it's these medieval reactions to the wall -- drawbridges, for example
但这是种中世纪对墙的反应--例如吊桥，
that are because the wall itself is an arcane, medieval form of architecture.
那是因为墙本身就是一种神秘的中世纪建筑形式。
It's an overly simplistic response to a complex set of issues.
这是对于一系列复杂的问题所做出过于简单的响应。
And a number of medieval technologies have sprung up along the wall:
还有另一些中世纪的技术沿着墙壁如雨后春笋般涌现：
catapults that launch bales of marijuana over the wall or cannons that shoot packets of cocaine and heroin over the wall.
例如用投射机将整袋大麻抛过围墙，或用大炮将可卡因和海洛因包裹射过去。
Now during medieval times, diseased, dead bodies were sometimes catapulted over walls as an early form of biological warfare,
在中世纪，有时将病死的尸体投射过城墙，作为生物战的早期形式；
and it's speculated that today, humans are being propelled over the wall as a form of immigration. A ridiculous idea.
时至今日也有传言，说有人以被抛过墙的方式来移民。真是荒谬的主意。
But the only person ever known to be documented to have launched over the wall from Mexico to the United States was in fact a US citizen,
正式纪录上仅有一人被由墨西哥抛进美国，他其实是美国公民，
who was given permission to human-cannonball over the wall, 200 feet,
事先申请了人肉炮弹表演的许可，飞越200英尺，
so long as he carried his passport in hand and he landed safely in a net on the other side.
条件是他必须带着护照，他成功降落在另一边的网子上。
And my thoughts are inspired by a quote by the architect Hassan Fathy,
建筑师哈桑·法西的话，对我的想法很有启发，
who said, "Architects do not design walls, but the spaces between them."
他说：“建筑师不设计墙壁，设计的是墙壁之间的空间。”
So while I do not think that architects should be designing walls,
因此我不认为建筑师应该去设计墙壁，
I do think it's important and urgent that they should be paying attention to those spaces in between.
我认为更重要、更急迫的是，他们该着眼于墙与墙间的空间。
They should be designing for the places and the people, the landscapes that the wall endangers.
他们应该为这些地方受了那堵墙危害的人与风景来设计。
Now, people are already rising to this occasion, and while the purpose of the wall is to keep people apart and away,
现在人们已经站出来，虽然墙的目的是将人分开，
it's actually bringing people together in some really remarkable ways,
它反而以非凡的方式将人凝聚在一起。
holding social events like binational yoga classes along the border, to bring people together across the divide.
他们举办社交活动，像是沿着边界的跨国瑜伽课，将被分隔的人带到了一起。
I call this the monument pose. And have you ever heard of "wall y ball"?
这一招我称之为“纪念碑式”。你们有没有听说过“墙球”？
It's a borderland version of volleyball,
这是一个边境版的排球，
and it's been played since 1979 along the US-Mexico border to celebrate binational heritage.
早自1979年便有人沿着美墨边境玩，来庆祝两国的传承。
And it raises some interesting questions, right? Is such a game even legal?
这引发了一些有趣的问题，是不是？这样的游戏究竟合不合法？
Does hitting a ball back and forth over the wall constitute illegal trade?
在墙头上将球打过来打过去，是否构成非法贸易？
The beauty of volleyball is that it transforms the wall into nothing more than a line in the sand
排球的美，在于它将墙化为沙子上的一条线，
negotiated by the minds and bodies and spirits of players on both sides.
由双方球员的思想、身体和精神协商而来。
And I think it's exactly these kinds of two-sided negotiations that are needed to bring down walls that divide.
而且我认为要撤掉这堵分裂的墙，所需要的正是这种双边协商。
Now, throwing the ball over the wall is one thing,
扔球过去是一回事，
but throwing rocks over the wall has caused damage to Border Patrol vehicles and have injured Border Patrol agents,
把石头扔过围墙又是另一回事，砸坏了边境巡逻车，伤到边巡人员，
and the response from the US side has been drastic.
这也引发了美方的激烈反应。
Border Patrol agents have fired through the wall, killing people throwing rocks on the Mexican side.
边巡人员朝围墙另一边开枪，打死了墨西哥方面扔石头的人。
And another response by Border Patrol agents is to erect baseball backstops to protect themselves and their vehicles.
边巡人员的另一种回应，是竖立起棒球场那种挡球网来保护人员和车辆。
And these backstops became a permanent feature in the construction of new walls.
在建造新墙的时候，挡球网已经成了标准设施。
And I began to wonder if, like volleyball, maybe baseball should be a permanent feature at the border,
我开始想：和排球一样，也许棒球应该是边境的标准设施，
and walls could start opening up, allowing communities to come across and play,
边墙可以开始开放，让附近小区一起来玩，
and if they hit a home run, maybe a Border Patrol agent would pick up the ball and throw it back over to the other side.
如果打了个全垒打，或许边巡人员会帮忙捡起球，扔回墙的另一边。
A Border Patrol agent buys a raspado, a frozen treat, from a vendor just a couple feet away,
这里的边巡人员向几英尺外的小贩购买墨西哥冰沙，
food and money is exchanged through the wall,
食物和钱穿过墙交换，
an entirely normal event made illegal by that line drawn on a map and a couple millimeters of steel.
一件完全正常的事，但被地图上的一条线及几毫米厚的钢材划定为非法。
And this scene reminded me of a saying
这一幕让我想起了一句话：
"If you have more than you need, you should build longer tables and not higher walls."
“如果你有多的，应该要摆更大的客桌，而不是筑更高的墙。”
So I created this souvenir to remember the moment that we could share food and conversation across the divide.
所以我做了这个纪念品，来纪念我们可以跨越藩篱分享食物和对话的那一刻。
A swing allows one to enter and swing over to the other side until gravity deports them back to their own country.
这个秋千让人进去，荡到另一边，直到重力将他遣返原居国。
The border and the border wall is thought of as a sort of political theater today,
边界和边界墙今天被当作政治剧场看待，
so perhaps we should invite audiences to that theater,
也许我们应该邀请观众到那个剧院，
to a binational theater where people can come together with performers, musicians.
一个两个国家的剧院，人们可以和表演者、音乐家聚在一起。
Maybe the wall is nothing more than an enormous instrument, the world's largest xylophone,
也许这墙不过是一个巨大的乐器，世界上最大的木琴，
and we could play down this wall with weapons of mass percussion.
而我们可以用大规模打击性乐器来打下这堵墙。
When I envisioned this binational library,
当我构想这座两国图书馆，
I wanted to imagine a space where one could share books and information and knowledge across a divide,
我想象一个人们可以共享书籍、信息和知识，跨越鸿沟的地方，
where the wall was nothing more than a bookshelf.
那里面墙只不过是个书架。
And perhaps the best way to illustrate the mutual relationship that we have with Mexico and the United States is by imagining a teeter-totter,
也许墨西哥和美国间的相互关系最好的说明方式是想象一个跷跷板：
where the actions on one side had a direct consequence on what happens on the other side,
一方的行动，会直接影响到另一方，
because you see, the border itself is both a symbolic and literal fulcrum for US-Mexico relations,
因为，你看，边界本身是一个美墨关系上的支点，
and building walls between neighbors severs those relationships.
而在邻居之间建墙就切断了那些关系。
You probably remember this quote, "Good fences make good neighbors."
你可能还记得这句话：“有好围墙，才有好邻居。”
It's often thought of as the moral of Robert Frost's poem "Mending Wall."
它常被认为是罗伯·佛洛斯特的诗《修补墙》的寓意。
But the poem is really about questioning the need for building walls at all.
但其实这首诗在质疑需不需要建墙。
It's really a poem about mending human relationships.
事实上它是一首关于修补人际关系的诗。
My favorite line is the first one: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall."
我最喜欢第一句：“有个东西不爱墙。”
Because if there's one thing that's clear to me -- there are not two sides defined by a wall.
因为我很清楚--不存在被墙界定出的不同两面。
This is one landscape, divided. On one side, it might look like this.
它不过是被墙割裂的同一景观。在一边，它可能看起来像这样：
A man is mowing his lawn while the wall is looming in his backyard.
一个人在割草，有片墙紧傍着他的后院。
And on the other side, it might look like this. The wall is the fourth wall of someone's house.
在另一边，它可能看起来像这样：那片墙是某人房子四面墙壁中的一面。
But the reality is that the wall is cutting through people's lives.
但现实情况是墙正在切割人们的生活。
It is cutting through our private property, our public lands,
它切割我们的私人财产、我们的公共土地、
our Native American lands, our cities, a university, our neighborhoods.
我们美洲原住民的土地、我们的城市、一所大学、我们的小区。
And I couldn't help but wonder what it would be like if the wall cut through a house.
我很想知道墙穿过房子是什怎样的情景？
Remember those disparities between wealth and poverty?
还记得那些贫富的差距吗？
On the right is the average size of a house in El Paso, Texas, and on the left is the average size of a house in Juarez.
右边是美国德州埃尔帕索的房子平均大小，而左边是墨西哥华雷斯的房子平均尺寸。
And here, the wall cuts directly through the kitchen table.
在这里，墙壁直接切过厨房的桌子。
And here, the wall cuts through the bed in the bedroom.
在这里，墙壁穿过卧室里的床。
Because I wanted to communicate how the wall is not only dividing places, it's dividing people, it's dividing families.
因为我想要传达的是：墙不仅仅分隔了地域，它也分隔了人，分隔了家庭。
And the unfortunate politics of the wall is today, it is dividing children from their parents.
今日不幸的边界墙政治让小孩与父母分离。
You might be familiar with this well-known traffic sign.
你可能熟悉这个有名的交通标志。
It was designed by graphic designer John Hood, a Native American war veteran working for the California Department of Transportation.
由平面设计师约翰·胡德设计，他是美洲原住民、退伍军人，在加州交通运输部工作。
And he was tasked with creating a sign to warn motorists
他被指派设计一个标志，用以提醒驾驶人
of immigrants who were stranded alongside the highway and who might attempt to run across the road.
在高速公路边的移民者可能冒险横越马路。
Hood related the plight of the immigrant today to that of the Navajo during the Long Walk.
今天移民的困境，让胡德联想到纳瓦霍印第安人被迫长途迁徙的血泪史。
And this is really a brilliant piece of design activism.
这真是一件设计行动主义的精彩作品。
And he was very careful in thinking about using a little girl with pigtails, for example,
他非常细心地思考，例如采用扎辫子的小女孩，
because he thought that's who motorists might empathize with the most,
因为那可能更容易让驾驶人产生同情；
and he used the silhouette of the civil rights leader Cesar Chavez to create the head of the father.
他也采用了民权领袖西萨·查维斯的剪影，作为那个父亲的头像。
I wanted to build upon the brilliance of this sign to call attention to the problem of child separation at the border,
我想继续延伸这个标志的光彩，来唤起大家注意在边境，儿童与父母被分离这个问题。
and I made one very simple move. I turned the families to face each other.
我做了一个非常简单的改动。让这家人面对面。
And in the last few weeks, I've had the opportunity to bring that sign back to the highway to tell a story,
过去几周里，我把那个标志带回高速公路去讲故事，
the story of the relationships that we should be mending
讲我们应该修补关系的故事，
and a reminder that we should be designing a reunited states and not a divided states. Thank you.
提醒我们应该设计团结的国家，而不是分裂的国家。谢谢。
