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So what does that tell us about AI?
这个论证和AI有什么关系？
Well, when you and I stand outside of the room, when we speak to one of these AIs like ChatGPT, we are the person standing outside the room.
当你我站在房间外面，与像ChatGPT这样的AI说话时，我们就是站在房间外面的人。
We're feeding in English sentences, we're getting English sentences back.
我们输入的是英语句子，得到的是英语句子的反馈。
It really looks like the models understand us.
看起来这些模型真的能理解我们。
It really looks like they know English.
看起来它们真的像懂英语。
But under the hood, these models are just following a set of instructions, albeit complex.
但在系统的底层，这些模型只是遵循一套指令，尽管是很复杂的指令。
How do we know if AI understands us?
我们如何知道AI能否理解我们？
To answer that question, let's go back to the Chinese room again.
为了回答这个问题，让我们再回到“中文房间”的例子。
Let's say we have two Chinese rooms.
假设我们有两个中文房间。
In one Chinese room is somebody who actually speaks Chinese, and in the other room is our impostor.
其中一个房间里是真正会说中文的人，而另一个房间里的是个冒牌货。
When the person who actually speaks Chinese gets a piece of paper that says something in Chinese in it, they can read it, no problem.
当真正讲中文的人拿到一张写有中文的纸时，他/她当然可以读懂。
But when our imposter gets it again, he has to use his set of instructions to figure out how to respond.
但是，当这位冒牌货拿到纸条时，他/她必须使用那套指令来作出回应。
From the outside, it might be impossible to distinguish these two rooms, but we know inside something really different is happening.
从外面看，可能无法区分这两个房间，但我们知道房间里面发生着一些根本不同的事情。
To illustrate that, let's say inside the minds of our two people, inside of our two rooms, is a little scratch pad.
为了说明这一点，假设在两个房间里的两个人，两个人的头脑中各有一个小草稿本。
And everything they have to remember in order to do this task has to be written on that little scratch pad.
完成这项任务需要的所有记忆都必须记在小草稿本上。
If we could see what was written on that scratch pad, we would be able to tell how different their approach to the task is.
如果我们能看到写在草稿本上的东西，我们就能知道他们完成任务的方法有什么不同。
So though the input and the output of these two rooms might be exactly the same, the process of getting from input to output -- completely different.
因此，尽管这两个房间的输入和输出可能完全相同，但从输入转化为输出的过程完全不同。
So again, what does that tell us about AI?
这跟人工智能又有什么关系呢？
Again, if AI, even if it generates completely plausible dialogue, answers questions just like we would expect, it may still be an imposter of sorts.
即使人工智能产生了完全合理的对话，像我们期望的那样回答问题，它也仍然可能是某种程度上的冒牌货。
If we want to know if AI understands language like we do, we need to know what it's doing.
如果我们想知道人工智能能否像我们一样理解语言，我们需要知道它在做什么。
We need to get inside to see what it's doing.
我们需要深入内部，看看它在做什么。
Is it an imposter or not?
它到底是不是一个冒牌货？
We need to see its scratch pad, and we need to be able to compare it to the scratch pad of somebody who actually understands language.
我们需要看到它的草稿本，并将其与真正理解语言的人类的草稿本进行比较。
But like scratch pads in brains, that's not something we can actually see, right?
但是，大脑中的“草稿本”不是我们能随便看到的东西，对吧？
Well, it turns out that we can kind of see scratch pads in brains.
实际上，我们可以在一定程度上“看到”大脑中的草稿。
Using something like fMRI or EEG, we can take what are like little snapshots of the brain while it’s reading.
用fMRI或EEG这样的技术，我们可以在人阅读时拍下大脑的快照。
So have people read words or stories and then take pictures of their brain.
在人们在读单词或读故事的时候，拍摄他们大脑的状态。
And those brain images are like fuzzy, out-of-focus pictures of the scratch pad of the brain.
这些脑成像的图片就像是模糊、失焦的草稿本照片，
They tell us a little bit about how the brain is processing and representing information while you read.
它们能告诉我们一些信息，阅读时的大脑是如何处理、表现信息的。
So here are three brain images taken while a person read the word "apartment," "house" and "celery."
这里有三张大脑图像，对应一个人读到三个词时的情况：“公寓”、“房子”和“芹菜”。
You can see just with your naked eye that the brain image for "apartment" and "house" are more similar to each other than they are to the brain image for "celery."
你一眼就能看出，“公寓”和“房子”的脑图像比“芹菜”的脑图像更为相似。
And you know, of course that apartments and houses are more similar than they are to celery, just the words.
当然，公寓和房子就词意来说本来就更相似，相比于芹菜来说。
So said another way, the brain uses its scratchpad when reading the words "apartment" and "house" in a way that's more similar than when you read the word "celery."
换一种说法，大脑在读到“公寓”和“房子”两个词时在草稿本上记录下的内容比读到“芹菜”时的草稿本更相似。
The scratch pad tells us a little bit about how the brain represents the language.
这些草稿本向我们透露了一些大脑表示语言的方法。
It's not a perfect picture of what the brain's doing, but it's good enough.
这种方法并不能完美展现大脑中发生的情况，但是足够用了。
OK, so we have scratch pads for the brain.
现在我们有了大脑的草稿纸，
Now we need a scratch pad for AI.
我们需要拿到AI的草稿纸。
So inside a lot of AIs is a neural network.
许多AI的内部是一个神经网络，
And inside of a neural network is a bunch of these little neurons.
而神经网络是由一个个小的神经元组成的。
So here the neurons are like these little gray circles.
神经元就像这些灰色的小圆圈。
And we would like to know what is the scratch pad of a neural network?
我们想要知道神经网络的草稿纸长什么样？
Well, when we feed in a word into a neural network, each of the little neurons computes a number.
当我们给神经网络输入一个词时，每个小神经元都会计算一个数字。
Those little numbers I'm representing here with colors.
我用颜色来表示这些数字。
So every neuron computes this little number, and those numbers tell us something about how the neural network is processing language.
每个神经元会计算一个数字，这些数字给我们展现了神经网络是如何处理语言的。
