8. Biological Science 生物科学 （1855-1866）

Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Pasteur’s germ theory revolutionized biology and medicine; Lister introduced sterilization in hospitals, and Mendel (pictured above) conducted the first experiments in heritability (though not widely known until later). There were milestones in many other arenas: Maxwell described electromagnetic fields and radiation; and the first internal combustion engine, gas heater, commercial steel, plastics, and rechargeable battery were produced.

达尔文的自然选择理论和巴斯德的微生物理论变革了生物学和医学；利斯特在医院中引入了杀菌，而孟德尔（上图人物）进行了第一次遗传实验（尽管当时并不很有名）。在其他的领域中也出现了许多里程碑：麦克斯韦描述了电磁场和辐射；而第一座内燃机、蒸汽加热器、商业钢铁工业、塑料工业和可充电电池也在这一时期开始生产。