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For a generation of Haitians, it was terra incognita, a living version of Baron Samedit, the Voodoo lore of cemeteries and father of the dead.
对于海地的一代人来说，这里是一个未知的领域，是一个漏洞的鲜活版本，是墓地里的伏都教传说，是死亡之父。
Backed by his child stealing boogeyman, the Tonton Macoute presided over the land for 14 dark years like some evil spirit made flesh.
在他魔鬼般的偷东西的孩子的支持下，通顿马库特组织像恶魔一样统治了这片土地14年。
But despite his pretensions, to the contrary, Papa Doc was no spirit, no mystical figure, rather he was a man of flesh and blood just like any other with one major exception.
但是，尽管他装腔作势，恰恰相反，医生爸爸不是幽灵，不是神秘人物，而是一个有血有肉的人，就像其他任何人一样，只有一个例外。
Behind his kindly seeming face and slight frame lay, a soul so sadistic so casually cruel that it would inflict pain and misery upon millions.
在他那慈祥的面孔和瘦弱的身躯后面，躺着一个如此残忍、如此随意的灵魂，它会给千百万人带来痛苦和苦难。
As president of Haiti, Francois Duvalier oversaw a regime of beer unlike anything the Caribbean has ever seen.
作为海地总统，弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃掌管着一个加勒比海地区前所未见的啤酒政权。
Under his watch, up to sixty thousand were murdered, thousands more were tortured or driven from their homes or while the rest of society plunged into soul-crushing poverty.
在他的统治下，多达6万人被杀害，数千人受到折磨或被赶出家园，而社会的其他部分则陷入令人心碎的贫困。
In today's episode, Biographics is investigating how a gentle seeming doctor wound up becoming absolute ruler of his country and the nightmares he unleashed.
在今天的节目中，《传记》将调查一个外表温和的医生是如何成为他国家的绝对统治者的，以及他引发的噩梦。
When Francois Duvalier was born in Haiti's capital of Port-au-Prince on April 14th, 1907.
1907年4月14日，弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃在海地首都太子港出生。
There was nothing to suggest it'd ever amount to anything much less become leader of his nation.
没有任何迹象表明他会有什么成就，更不用说成为他国家的领袖了。
His family were bitterly poor as members of Haiti’s Creole speaking black majority tended to be part of a vast underclass ruled by a tiny French-speaking light-skinned elite.
他的家庭非常贫穷，因为在海地，说克里奥尔语的黑人占多数，他们往往是一个由少数说法语的浅肤色精英统治的庞大下层阶级的一部分。
Yet it wouldn't just be life on the margins that came to define Duvalier 's upbringing but also events, because young Francois had been born just in time to experience, one of Haiti's defining eras, the American occupation.
然而，界定杜瓦利埃成长过程的不仅是边缘生活，还有一些事件，因为年轻的弗朗索瓦出生时正好赶上了美国占领海地的时代。
Since achieving independence from France in 1804, Duvalier's nation had spent a century being battered by forces both internal and external.
自1804年从法国获得独立以来，杜瓦利埃的国家在一个世纪的时间里饱受内外势力的摧残。
Within Haiti itself, there had been corruption coups and assassinations well.
在海地国内，腐败政变和暗杀屡见不鲜。
From the outside, France had imposed a crippling debt on its breakaway colony that sapped the young nation.
从外部来看，法国给这个分裂的殖民地强加了沉重的债务，削弱了这个年轻的国家。
Even so, as the end of the19th century arrived, there had been signs that things were looking up.
即便如此，随着19世纪末的到来，还是有迹象表明事情正在好转。
After many turbulent decades, society was stabilizing,local culture was flourishing and vast inequality aside, trade was picking up.
在经历了几十年的动荡之后，社会开始稳定，当地文化繁荣，不平等现象严重，贸易也在发展。
But then Uncle Sam came knocking and everything immediately went to hell.
但后来山姆大叔来敲门，一切马上就完蛋了。
This was the era of great American interference in the caribbean.
这是美国对加勒比地区进行大规模干涉的时代。
In 1905, the US had seized control of the customs, house of the Dominican Republic, the other nation sharing the island of Hispaniola with Haiti.
1905年，美国控制了与海地共享伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的另一个国家多米尼加共和国的海关。
So when Haiti began one of its regular slides towards chaos, Washington was right there to make things worse.
因此，当海地开始经常陷入混乱时，华盛顿就在那里使情况变得更糟。
Starting in 1911, a series of revolutions and coups deposed seven Haitian presidents in four years, sparking American worries that Haiti would default on its debt.
从1911年开始，一系列的革命和政变在4年内推翻了7位海地总统，这引发了美国人对海地债务违约的担忧。
In fact, they got so worried that in 1914 President Woodrow Wilson ordered the seizure of the nation's gold reserves, transferring them to New York.
事实上，他们非常担心，以至于在1914年，伍德罗·威尔逊总统下令扣押美国的黄金储备，将其转移到纽约。
But rather than calm the chaos, that robbery only exacerbated it like to a crazy extreme.
但抢劫非但没有平息混乱，反而使混乱恶化到了疯狂的地步。
On July 28th, 1915, the Haitian President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam was lynched by a furious mob.
1915年7月28日，海地总统维尔布伦·纪尧姆·山姆被一群愤怒的暴徒处以私刑。
Just hours later, Wilson ordered marines and deported prince.
仅仅几个小时后，威尔逊下令海军陆战队, 驱逐王子。
Soon 5000 US soldiers had landed on Haiti establishing an occupation.
很快，5000名美国士兵登陆海地，占领了海地。
It was meant to last, until order was restored.
这意味着，直到最后，直到恢复秩序，美国一直占领着海地。
Instead, the US presence would wind up dragging on for 19 long years.
美国在海地驻军却拖了19年之久。
For Francois Duvalier, that meant growing up in a city and a nation brutalized by an occupying force.
对弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃来说，这意味着他在一个被占领土地的军队残酷对待的城市和国家长大。
Coming from a US, that was going through what's been called America's nadir of race relations.
这个部队来自美国，经历了所谓的美国种族关系的最低点。
Many of the marines brought their racism with them.
许多海军陆战队员都带着种族歧视。
That meant things like the Cayes Massacre when U.S. soldiers opened fire into a crowd of demonstrators, killing 12 people.
这就意味着美国士兵向一群示威者开枪，造成12人死亡。
It meant things like scores of political dissidence being executed but the Americans attitudes also showed themselves in more insidious, yet equally damaging ways.
这意味着数十名持不同政见者被处决，但美国人的态度也以更阴险、但同样具有破坏性的方式表现出来。
A major one was the elevation of the already rich light-skinned elite into most positions of power, further widening the gap between French speakers and the Creole majority.
一个主要的原因是，已经很富有的浅肤色精英阶层被提升到大多数权力阶层，进一步拉大了讲法语的人和占多数的克里奥尔人之间的差距。
Another was the corvee system, which saw tens of thousands of black Haitians made to work as forced laborers.
另一个是徭役制度，成千上万的海地黑人被强迫劳动。
A state of affairs that saw perhaps 5, 000 die from mistreatment.
在这种情况下，大约有5000人死于虐待。
In short, the Americans took the poisonous divides that already existed in Haitian society and stretched them until the bonds holding the nation together simply snapped.
简而言之，美国人把海地社会中已经存在的有害的分歧拉得越来越大，直到把这个国家连在一起的纽带完全断裂。
So when Francois Duvalier steps into politics in the near future promising a Haiti that is unashamedly for the black Creoles, he's going to get an extremely sympathetic hearing, but all of that for another chapter.
所以当弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃在不久的将来步入政坛时，他承诺海地将会是一个不为黑人克里奥尔人感到羞耻的国家，他将会得到支持者的倾听，但所有这些都是另一个章节的内容。
For now, we'll leave off with FDR pulling the plug on the intervention in 1934, just as Duvalier is graduating from the university of Haiti, school of medicine.
现在，我们讲到结束1934年干预的罗斯福总统，此时，杜瓦利埃从海地大学医学院毕业了。
Someone from a poor background qualifying as a doctor must have felt like a great achievement.
一个出身贫寒的人有资格成为一名医生，一定感觉很了不起。
Armed with his new life, Duvalier immediately began working in hospitals but he soon began consorting with a group of writers, who'd been radicalized by the long occupation.
有了新生活的武装，杜瓦利埃立即开始在医院工作，但很快他开始与一群作家交往，这些作家因国家长期被占领而变得激进。
He'd come out convinced that a rigid black nationalism was Haiti's only way forward and they shared another trait too, a deep interest in Voodoo.
他确信，一个激进的黑人民族主义是海地前进的唯一途径，他们还有一个共同的特点，对伏都教兴趣浓厚。
